Shadowing Practice: Artificial Liver Program: Mayo Clinic Radio - Learn English Speaking with Video
Elige un modo de práctica
Cada modo abre una sala de práctica a pantalla completa.
136 oraciones
Si las oraciones son demasiado cortas o largas, haz clic en Editar para ajustarlas.
1
Welcome back to Mayo Clinic Radio.
2
I'm Dr. Tom Shives.
3
And I'm Tracy McRae.
4
Tracy, every year, 40 ,000 people die of liver disease in the U .S.
5
And the only proven therapy for end -stage liver disease is still a liver transplant.
6
Unfortunately, there aren't enough organs to go around for those who need them.
7
In fact, there are more than 150 ,000 people who are on the waiting list for a donor liver.
8
Now, hopefully, treatment for liver disease is about to change for the better.
9
Research at Mayo Clinic is focusing on new regenerative liver therapies to help repair diseased livers
10
and improve the treatment options for liver disease patients.
11
Here to discuss is Dr. Scott Nyberg, a transplant surgeon at Mayo Clinic.
12
Dr. Nyberg is the director of the liver program at the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine
13
and head of Mayo Clinic's artificial liver program.
14
Welcome to the program, Dr. Nyberg.
15
It's nice to meet you.
16
It's great to be here, Tracy and Tom.
17
Thank you for having me.
18
Yeah, you bet.
19
You have been studying the liver and liver disease for a long time, long enough to get all those titles, right?
20
I started back in the early 80s, probably.
21
I was both a chemical engineer and then a biomedical engineer.
22
Had a mentor who said with that engineering background, why don't you build a liver dialysis machine?
23
I asked him, how should I do that?
24
That was in 1989, and he said, you figure it out.
25
You're the engineer.
26
So I've been working on this for almost 30 years.
27
Well, I want to learn a lot more about the artificial liver program, but before we go there, we should probably just set the table.
28
What is liver disease?
29
What causes liver disease?
30
I mean, there are many causes.
31
They can range from Tylenol overdose, a common drug like Tylenol, alcohol.
32
People are familiar with that, along with genetic causes.
33
In the United States, I would say obesity is becoming a number one cause.
34
Overweight contributes to a disease called NASH.
35
It had been hepatitis C.
36
Now there are pretty effective treatments for hepatitis C, so we're seeing a decrease.
37
But the number one cause would be NASH, followed by alcohol, and then these others.
38
Now explain NASH to us.
39
And you mentioned that obesity is becoming a more common cause of liver disease.
40
How does obesity cause liver disease?
41
And I suspect that NASH is the answer.
42
Right.
43
It's not fully understood as far as the mechanisms, but there has been this association with as Americans and people around the world become heavier,
44
there's more liver disease.
45
If a pathologist looks at a biopsy of a NASH liver, it looks similar to an alcoholic liver, so it's probably a nutritional problem.
46
Where too many calories cause an inflammatory response and do this over a long period of time,
47
there becomes scarring and eventually cirrhosis and the manifestations of end -stage liver disease.
48
And cirrhosis is pretty much just scarring of the liver.
49
Advanced scarring to a point where the liver isn't able to regenerate.
50
Fortunately, a healthy liver, if we cut it in half, will grow back to a full size within a couple of weeks.
51
That's a normal response, but due to the scarring of fibrosis and cirrhosis,
52
that regenerative response is impaired and the only real treatment for those end -stage livers is a liver transplant currently.
53
Does NASH stand for something?
54
Non -alcoholic steatohepatitis.
55
So it looks pathologically like alcoholic liver injury,
56
but it's non -alcoholic related presumably to diet and weight.
57
How long can people live with liver disease before they need a transplant?
58
well we have a scoring system now
59
that was developed here at mayo called the meld score initially
60
it was called the mayo end -stage liver disease score to
61
predict how long people would survive what's their likelihood of being alive in two months
62
it's been adopted nationally for organ allocation
63
because it's very good at predicting the name was changed they took mayo out of the name
64
and now it's just the model for end -stage liver disease so that's probably the best predictor.
65
And in transplant, we use that score to determine who has highest priority.
66
So it ranges from zero to 40, where if you have a score of 40, it's unlikely you're going to survive more than a few weeks.
67
What can make if a patient is not eligible for transplant?
68
I mean, there's being on the list means that you're eligible, but why would patients not be eligible for transplant?
69
I mean, there's a variety of reasons.
70
If you're an alcoholic that continues to drink
71
and haven't recovered you wouldn't be eligible
72
that wouldn't be a wise use of an organ
73
if you have a disease that may involve other organs that's not corrected by a liver transplant
74
or if you have a cancer that's spread outside of the liver that we wouldn't be able to help you and
75
transplant an immunosuppressive patient you could actually shorten their life and that
76
so there are a number
77
you can be too old though we don't have a cutoff as far as age goes
78
so you're still doing a lot of liver transplant right and
79
and a fair number of those are from deceased donors
80
but also you're using live donors yeah here at mayo
81
we have a large living donor program one of the largest in the united states
82
which means we do over 20 per year of the 130 liver transplants that we do.
83
So that's a living donor, a family member, our friend who donates half of their liver.
84
Two weeks later, the liver has regenerated, did you say, to its normal size?
85
Probably two weeks in the donor, we do CAT scans to measure the volume.
86
And they're within 90 % of the original volume within two weeks.
87
So it's very rapid.
88
In my lab, we have a number of animal models studying regeneration
89
and we see this very quickly also all right what's new
90
and regenerative medicine
91
and artificial liver well here at mayo the the biggest problem in transplant is the shortage of organs
92
so the things we do in regenerative medicine are to address
93
that shortage of organs one option is a liver dialysis machine to allow the the liver to regenerate
94
and hopefully avoid a liver transplant so that would be
95
that would save the liver it could be used for someone else
96
and avoid big surgery
97
and all the immunosuppression lifelong immunosuppression for a patient that'd be a patient maybe with a tylenol overdose
98
we also have a special pig that we've developed a genetically engineered pig
99
and the goal there is to grow transplantable human livers in this pig sounds science fiction
100
but in my lab we recently had a pig named eddie who beautiful a little piggy
101
if you look at my instagram site
102
you'll see a picture of eddie who essentially was created by a stem cell transplant into a day four embryo
103
and this is sort of the future i see of organ production
104
and then we're also
105
so this is hopefully someday eddie's liver can be transplanted into a human eddie will eddie
106
and pigs like eddie will be incubators to grow human livers.
107
The concept would be to take a cell, reprogram it into a cell from a patient liver disease, reprogram it into a stem cell,
108
fuse it with an embryo, and then grow a liver from that human stem cell.
109
Whoa.
110
I got to sit down.
111
Oh, I am sitting down.
112
Good.
113
That's good.
114
How are you using the patient's own liver cell?
115
Is that what you're saying when you take a cell to help?
116
In this case, you could even take a blood sample, like a white blood cell from just a blood sample.
117
The Nobel Prize for Medicine about four years ago was a way to reprogram cells, adult cells, to become stem cells.
118
And the theory would be that you could use those stem cells to grow livers.
119
Well, hopefully you and Eddie will get the Nobel Prize next year.
120
I think we're still a little ways off.
121
eddie and pigs like eddie the other option that we're working with a local company is to take
122
livers decellularize them and then repopulate them with cells from a patient
123
so again you could avoid the need for immunosuppression
124
so these would be a tissue engineered liver
125
that would be identical to the patient so they wouldn't need an anti -rejection drug after the transplant
126
If it works using your own cells, you shouldn't need to.
127
We had a paper recently published in one of the science journals, Science Translational Medicine, showing that this concept would work in pigs,
128
and it's a matter of scaling it up to humans.
129
It's all really exciting.
130
Thanks so much for being with us.
131
Thank you very much.
132
An update on the treatment of liver disease with Dr. Scott Nyberg,
133
transplant surgeon and director of the liver program at the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine
134
and head of Mayo Clinic's artificial liver program.
135
Thanks, Dr. Nyberg.
136
Yeah, thank you, Tom, Tracy.
Descargar app
Todo lo que necesitas para hablar con fluidez
Pronunciación con IAEvalúa cada oración
Práctica de IPADomina cada sonido
VocabularioConstruye tu banco de palabras
Juego de vocabularioAprende mientras juegas
Mismo canal
FOR YOU
Recomendar Video
C180 oraciones
Liver Transplant Surgery | Living-Donor - UT Southwestern Medical Center.
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
995 oraciones
Wharton’s Top AI Professor: Stop Starting Software Companies — The Real AI Money Is Here
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
44 oraciones
Johann Hari on addiction
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
532 oraciones
SCIENCE & MEDICINE - Dr. Death - Free Fall | 5
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
154 oraciones
Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial Designs With Dr Kidwell
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
86 oraciones
UROLIFT - PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐIỀU TRỊ BỆNH SÓN TIỂU VÀ NHIẾP HỘ TUYẾN LỚN Ở NAM GIỚI
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
189 oraciones
Say Goodbye to Candida - How To Get Rid Of Candida For Good | Dr. Taz
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
192 oraciones
The Longevity Toolkit: Peter Attia’s 5 Tactics to Improve Longevity
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
17 oraciones
Robotic Neurovascular Intervention
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
91 oraciones
Obesity: Causes, Health Conditions, and Treatment | Mass General Brigham
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
511 oraciones
Interview with Dr. Peter Schwartz | SADS Live Episode 23 | July 31, 2020
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “Artificial Liver Program: Mayo Clinic Radio”. Las palabras que más se repiten: liver, disease, transplant, cell, mayo. Este vídeo tiene 136 frases y 1533 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 9:08. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 168 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 76 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| transplant verbo | /tɹænzˈplænt/ | trasplantar, transplantar |
| organ sustantivo | /ˈɔːɡən/ | órgano |
| liver sustantivo | /ˈlɪvɚ/ | hígado |
| donor sustantivo | /ˈdəʊnə/ | donador, donante |
| alcoholic sustantivo | /ˌæl.kəˈhɔ.lɪk/ | alcohólico, escabiador |
| eligible adjetivo | /ˈɛl.ɪ.d͡ʒɪ.bəl/ | idóneo, eligible |
| artificial adjetivo | /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ | artificial |
| scar sustantivo | /skɑɹ/ | alforza, facial chirlo |
| pig sustantivo | /ˈpɪɡ/ | cerdo, chancho |
| obesity sustantivo | /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/ | obesidad, sobrepeso |
| surgeon sustantivo | /ˈsɝd͡ʒən/ | cirujano, cirujana |
| predict verbo | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | predecir |
| shortage sustantivo | /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/ | falta, carestía |
| overdose sustantivo | /ˈəʊvə(ɹ)ˌdəʊs/ | sobredosis |
| hepatitis sustantivo | /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪ̯tɪs/ | hepatitis |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| sit down verbo | sentarse |
Frases que vale la pena repetir
Frases cortas y completas del vídeo que puedes reutilizar en la conversación diaria:
- It's nice to meet you.
- I asked him, how should I do that?
- I mean, there's a variety of reasons.
- How are you using the patient's own liver cell?
- Is that what you're saying when you take a cell to help?
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — una acción que empezó antes y continúa | have been studying · I've been working |
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | is impaired · was developed · was called |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | has been · it's been adopted · haven't recovered |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | those who need · people who are · friend who donates |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 28 contracciones y formas reducidas, como you're, we're, wouldn't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, fiction /ˈfɪkʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: alcoholic /ˌæl.kəˈhɔ.lɪk/, eligible /ˈɛl.ɪ.d͡ʒɪ.bəl/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, hepatitis /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪ̯tɪs/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: stem /stɛm/, scar /skɑɹ/, scan /skæn/
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: liver /ˈlɪvɚ/, overdose /ˈəʊvə(ɹ)ˌdəʊs/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, overweight /ˌoʊvɚˈweɪt/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: transplant /tɹænzˈplænt/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, presumably /pɹɪˈzuːməbli/, fuse /fjuːz/, decellularize /diːˈsɛljələɹaɪz/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como transplant, organ, liver.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.