跟讀練習: Artificial Liver Program: Mayo Clinic Radio - 通過影片學習英語口語
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136 句
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1
Welcome back to Mayo Clinic Radio.
歡迎回到《梅奧診所廣播》節目。
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I'm Dr. Tom Shives.
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And I'm Tracy McRae.
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Tracy, every year, 40 ,000 people die of liver disease in the U .S.
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And the only proven therapy for end -stage liver disease is still a liver transplant.
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Unfortunately, there aren't enough organs to go around for those who need them.
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In fact, there are more than 150 ,000 people who are on the waiting list for a donor liver.
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Now, hopefully, treatment for liver disease is about to change for the better.
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Research at Mayo Clinic is focusing on new regenerative liver therapies to help repair diseased livers
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and improve the treatment options for liver disease patients.
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Here to discuss is Dr. Scott Nyberg, a transplant surgeon at Mayo Clinic.
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Dr. Nyberg is the director of the liver program at the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine
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and head of Mayo Clinic's artificial liver program.
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Welcome to the program, Dr. Nyberg.
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It's nice to meet you.
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It's great to be here, Tracy and Tom.
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Thank you for having me.
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Yeah, you bet.
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You have been studying the liver and liver disease for a long time, long enough to get all those titles, right?
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I started back in the early 80s, probably.
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I was both a chemical engineer and then a biomedical engineer.
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Had a mentor who said with that engineering background, why don't you build a liver dialysis machine?
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I asked him, how should I do that?
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That was in 1989, and he said, you figure it out.
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You're the engineer.
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So I've been working on this for almost 30 years.
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Well, I want to learn a lot more about the artificial liver program, but before we go there, we should probably just set the table.
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What is liver disease?
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What causes liver disease?
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I mean, there are many causes.
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They can range from Tylenol overdose, a common drug like Tylenol, alcohol.
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People are familiar with that, along with genetic causes.
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In the United States, I would say obesity is becoming a number one cause.
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Overweight contributes to a disease called NASH.
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It had been hepatitis C.
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Now there are pretty effective treatments for hepatitis C, so we're seeing a decrease.
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But the number one cause would be NASH, followed by alcohol, and then these others.
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Now explain NASH to us.
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And you mentioned that obesity is becoming a more common cause of liver disease.
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How does obesity cause liver disease?
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And I suspect that NASH is the answer.
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Right.
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It's not fully understood as far as the mechanisms, but there has been this association with as Americans and people around the world become heavier,
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there's more liver disease.
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If a pathologist looks at a biopsy of a NASH liver, it looks similar to an alcoholic liver, so it's probably a nutritional problem.
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Where too many calories cause an inflammatory response and do this over a long period of time,
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there becomes scarring and eventually cirrhosis and the manifestations of end -stage liver disease.
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And cirrhosis is pretty much just scarring of the liver.
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Advanced scarring to a point where the liver isn't able to regenerate.
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Fortunately, a healthy liver, if we cut it in half, will grow back to a full size within a couple of weeks.
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That's a normal response, but due to the scarring of fibrosis and cirrhosis,
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that regenerative response is impaired and the only real treatment for those end -stage livers is a liver transplant currently.
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Does NASH stand for something?
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Non -alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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So it looks pathologically like alcoholic liver injury,
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but it's non -alcoholic related presumably to diet and weight.
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How long can people live with liver disease before they need a transplant?
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well we have a scoring system now
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that was developed here at mayo called the meld score initially
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it was called the mayo end -stage liver disease score to
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predict how long people would survive what's their likelihood of being alive in two months
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it's been adopted nationally for organ allocation
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because it's very good at predicting the name was changed they took mayo out of the name
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and now it's just the model for end -stage liver disease so that's probably the best predictor.
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And in transplant, we use that score to determine who has highest priority.
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So it ranges from zero to 40, where if you have a score of 40, it's unlikely you're going to survive more than a few weeks.
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What can make if a patient is not eligible for transplant?
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I mean, there's being on the list means that you're eligible, but why would patients not be eligible for transplant?
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I mean, there's a variety of reasons.
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If you're an alcoholic that continues to drink
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and haven't recovered you wouldn't be eligible
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that wouldn't be a wise use of an organ
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if you have a disease that may involve other organs that's not corrected by a liver transplant
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or if you have a cancer that's spread outside of the liver that we wouldn't be able to help you and
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transplant an immunosuppressive patient you could actually shorten their life and that
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so there are a number
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you can be too old though we don't have a cutoff as far as age goes
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so you're still doing a lot of liver transplant right and
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and a fair number of those are from deceased donors
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but also you're using live donors yeah here at mayo
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we have a large living donor program one of the largest in the united states
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which means we do over 20 per year of the 130 liver transplants that we do.
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So that's a living donor, a family member, our friend who donates half of their liver.
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Two weeks later, the liver has regenerated, did you say, to its normal size?
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Probably two weeks in the donor, we do CAT scans to measure the volume.
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And they're within 90 % of the original volume within two weeks.
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So it's very rapid.
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In my lab, we have a number of animal models studying regeneration
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and we see this very quickly also all right what's new
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and regenerative medicine
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and artificial liver well here at mayo the the biggest problem in transplant is the shortage of organs
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so the things we do in regenerative medicine are to address
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that shortage of organs one option is a liver dialysis machine to allow the the liver to regenerate
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and hopefully avoid a liver transplant so that would be
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that would save the liver it could be used for someone else
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and avoid big surgery
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and all the immunosuppression lifelong immunosuppression for a patient that'd be a patient maybe with a tylenol overdose
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we also have a special pig that we've developed a genetically engineered pig
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and the goal there is to grow transplantable human livers in this pig sounds science fiction
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but in my lab we recently had a pig named eddie who beautiful a little piggy
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if you look at my instagram site
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you'll see a picture of eddie who essentially was created by a stem cell transplant into a day four embryo
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and this is sort of the future i see of organ production
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and then we're also
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so this is hopefully someday eddie's liver can be transplanted into a human eddie will eddie
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and pigs like eddie will be incubators to grow human livers.
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The concept would be to take a cell, reprogram it into a cell from a patient liver disease, reprogram it into a stem cell,
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fuse it with an embryo, and then grow a liver from that human stem cell.
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Whoa.
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I got to sit down.
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Oh, I am sitting down.
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Good.
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That's good.
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How are you using the patient's own liver cell?
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Is that what you're saying when you take a cell to help?
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In this case, you could even take a blood sample, like a white blood cell from just a blood sample.
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The Nobel Prize for Medicine about four years ago was a way to reprogram cells, adult cells, to become stem cells.
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And the theory would be that you could use those stem cells to grow livers.
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Well, hopefully you and Eddie will get the Nobel Prize next year.
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I think we're still a little ways off.
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eddie and pigs like eddie the other option that we're working with a local company is to take
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livers decellularize them and then repopulate them with cells from a patient
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so again you could avoid the need for immunosuppression
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so these would be a tissue engineered liver
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that would be identical to the patient so they wouldn't need an anti -rejection drug after the transplant
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If it works using your own cells, you shouldn't need to.
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We had a paper recently published in one of the science journals, Science Translational Medicine, showing that this concept would work in pigs,
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and it's a matter of scaling it up to humans.
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It's all really exciting.
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Thanks so much for being with us.
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Thank you very much.
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An update on the treatment of liver disease with Dr. Scott Nyberg,
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transplant surgeon and director of the liver program at the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine
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and head of Mayo Clinic's artificial liver program.
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Thanks, Dr. Nyberg.
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Yeah, thank you, Tom, Tracy.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節口語課以影片“Artificial Liver Program: Mayo Clinic Radio”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：liver, disease, transplant, cell, mayo。 這段影片共有 136 個句子、1533 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 9:08。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 168 個詞，接近日常對話。 只有 76% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| transplant 動詞 | /tɹænzˈplænt/ | 移植 |
| organ 名詞 | /ˈɔːɡən/ | 器官 |
| liver 名詞 | /ˈlɪvɚ/ | 肝, 肝臟 /肝臟 |
| donor 名詞 | /ˈdəʊnə/ | 捐贈者 /捐贈者 |
| alcoholic 名詞 | /ˌæl.kəˈhɔ.lɪk/ | 酒精成癮者 /酒精成癮者 |
| artificial 形容詞 | /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ | 人造的 |
| scar 名詞 | /skɑɹ/ | 疤, 傷疤 /傷疤 |
| pig 名詞 | /ˈpɪɡ/ | җў, 豬 /豬 |
| obesity 名詞 | /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/ | 肥胖, 肥胖症 |
| surgeon 名詞 | /ˈsɝd͡ʒən/ | 外科醫生 /外科醫生 |
| predict 動詞 | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | 預言 /預言 |
| shortage 名詞 | /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/ | 短缺, 緊缺 /緊缺 |
| overdose 名詞 | /ˈəʊvə(ɹ)ˌdəʊs/ | 藥劑過量 /藥劑過量, 用藥過量 /用藥過量 |
| hepatitis 名詞 | /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪ̯tɪs/ | 肝炎 |
| fiction 名詞 | /ˈfɪkʃən/ | 虛構文學 /虛構文學, 小說 /小說 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| sit down 動詞 | 坐下, 坐 |
值得反覆跟讀的句子
影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：
- It's nice to meet you.
- I asked him, how should I do that?
- I mean, there's a variety of reasons.
- How are you using the patient's own liver cell?
- Is that what you're saying when you take a cell to help?
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 現在完成進行時 have/has been + -ing — 以前開始、現在仍在繼續的動作 | have been studying · I've been working |
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is impaired · was developed · was called |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has been · it's been adopted · haven't recovered |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | those who need · people who are · friend who donates |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 28 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 you're, we're, wouldn't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, fiction /ˈfɪkʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: alcoholic /ˌæl.kəˈhɔ.lɪk/, eligible /ˈɛl.ɪ.d͡ʒɪ.bəl/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, hepatitis /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪ̯tɪs/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: liver /ˈlɪvɚ/, overdose /ˈəʊvə(ɹ)ˌdəʊs/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, overweight /ˌoʊvɚˈweɪt/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: transplant /tɹænzˈplænt/, alcoholic /ˌæl.kəˈhɔ.lɪk/, pig /ˈpɪɡ/, predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: transplant /tɹænzˈplænt/, presumably /pɹɪˈzuːməbli/, fortunately /ˈfɔɹ.t͡ʃə.nɪt.li/, inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, nutritional /njuːˈtɹɪʃ.ə.nəl/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 transplant, organ, liver 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。