跟讀練習: Dr. Bernard Bendok: Arteriovenous Malformation - Brain AVM - 通過影片學習英語口語
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46 句
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So an AVM is an abnormal tangle of vessels where arteries connect through a tangle of weakened vessels to a vein.
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Normally arteries divide into ever smaller vessels until you get to the capillary level where the vessels are very tiny
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and at that level capillaries can unload oxygen and nutrients and pick up CO2 and then from there the blood is collected by small veins that go into ever larger veins that then go back to the heart.
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With an AVM however, the arteries connect to a tangle of weakened arteries and that flow goes right into a vein.
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So as a result, the veins see arterial pressure.
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Normally venous pressure is much lower than arterial pressure, but in AVM the veins are under high pressure and veins don't like high pressure so that tends to lead to inflammation and sometimes aneurysms can form and those aneurysms can lead to rupture.
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And when an AVM bleeds that can be occasionally catastrophic or lead to neurological injury.
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It would be the equivalent of a column that's designed to hold up a cardboard roof.
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Putting a cement roof on that on that column will result of the column collapsing.
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So one of the challenges with understanding AVMs and their treatment options is the fact that they're very complicated three-dimensional structures that we often see 2D images and we try to look at 2D images to understand a three-dimensional problem.
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So we've been using 3D printing and holography to try to get a better understanding of the M, one, for the benefit of the treating team so that we can better think through what we may or may not be able to do for the patient, but the second is to also educate the patient regarding their problem.
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So this is a 3D print of an AVM.
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Here you can see some normal vessels, and what you can see here is what I would call the bowl of spaghetti.
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These are fragile vessels that can pop easily.
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They're not used to, or they're not designed to carry high pressure so they can break and rupture, and that can cause brain bleeding.
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So as we look at this model, we can start to rotate it and think about what vessels are coming into it.
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That's what we call feeding arteries.
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Abnormal vessels that come into this tangle, this spaghetti bowl, so to speak.
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And what you don't see on this model clearly is that there's usually a vein coming out.
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And when we go in with surgery, our goal is to separate this mass from the surrounding brain tissue safely while preserving the normal arteries and removing it from the patient.
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That may or may not be safe, depending on the specific anatomy of that patient.
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Additionally, an AVM of this size, for example, it may be very beneficial to inject some glue into the AVM before surgery to make the surgery safer.
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So what we would do is under fluoroscopy, we would navigate a very tiny catheter into, let's say, this artery and get into an artery where it would be safe to inject glue into the AVM.
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We would watch glue percolate into the AVM, plugging up these abnormal small arteries.
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And that That may make the surgical plan and the surgical option much easier to implement.
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Just like snowflakes, there are no two AVMs that are the same.
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Every AVM is different.
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It depends on how close you look.
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And our treatment plans also have to be unique and uniquely designed to match the needs of the patient.
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So the treatment options for AVM include microsurgery.
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That's where we, through a cranial opening and using the operating microscope, we can look at the anatomy of the AVM and disconnect the abnormal arteries from the surrounding circulation and remove the AVM.
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The second treatment option is embolization, where a catheter the size of an angel hair pasta can be placed into the AVM and glue can be injected to occlude those abnormal vessels to plug them up.
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That can be done in some cases to completely cure an AVM, typically for smaller AVMs that have one or two feeders.
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The other treatment option for AVMs is radiosurgery, where we use radiation to shrink an AVM.
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That treatment has the advantage of being minimally invasive, essentially, and it's an outpatient procedure, but it does take several years to work.
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So patients can continue to have risk of bleeding during that period.
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But for AVMs that cannot be removed surgically, for AVMs that are in locations that are undesirable from a surgical standpoint, or in patients who cannot tolerate surgery, either due to age or other comorbidities, radiosurgery may be a good option.
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Another option for larger AVMs is to use staged radiosurgery, where we treat the AVM in different pieces.
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So if an AVM is too big for a single shot of radiation, we can potentially break it up into two or three pieces and do it over the course of three to six months.
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And finally, of course, there is an innovative option for some AVMs, and that's proton beam therapy.
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And proton beam therapy has been used successfully to treat certain AVMs.
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But again, the treatment does take time, and not all AVMs can be occluded with this technique.
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So each of these techniques has pros and cons.
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It's important for every patient who would like to treat their AVM to really carefully get educated about all those treatment options and how they can potentially work together.
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Patients with AVMs should have hope.
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AVMs can be scary, but with modern treatments, there has never been a better time in the history of AVM treatment for patients with AVMs.
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為什麼要用這個影片練習口語？
練習口語是提高英語交流能力的關鍵，而通過像《Dr. Bernard Bendok: Arteriovenous Malformation - Brain AVM》這樣的影片進行學習，可以幫助你在真實的語境中提高表達能力。在影片中，Dr. Bendok 詳細介紹了動靜脈畸形（AVM）的結構及其治療方法。這不僅能讓你瞭解醫學術語，還能幫助你學會如何清晰表達複雜的概念。通過模仿（shadowing），你可以學習到如何運用這些表達方式，進一步增強你的 英語口語練習 體驗和技能。
語法與表達結構分析
在影片中，Dr. Bendok 使用了一些關鍵的語法和表達結構來清晰地傳達他的觀點，以下是幾個重要的例子：
- 連線詞的使用：如“however”，“so”，“but”等，幫助建立因果關係，增強句子的邏輯性。
- 被動語態：例如“the veins are under high pressure”用於強調壓力的影響，而非強調誰在施加壓力。
- 複雜句結構：例如“when an AVM bleeds that can be occasionally catastrophic”展示瞭如何通過從句表達複雜思想。
- 比喻的運用：Dr. Bendok 使用“it would be the equivalent of a column…”這樣的比喻，幫助觀眾更容易理解抽象概念。
通過分析這些語法和表達，學習者可以在 shadowing site 上進行練習，以提高理解和應用能力。
常見發音陷阱
在影片中，某些單詞或短語可能對英語學習者構成發音挑戰，注意以下方面：
- “arteriovenous”：這個詞較長，容易發錯音。練習時，可以分開發音：“arterio-” 和 “venous”。
- “anatomy”：此詞的重音在第二音節，許多學習者可能在發音時忽略這一點。
- “rupture” 和 “pressure” ：容易在流利度上產生問題，建議多次模仿。
利用這些發音練習，可以有效避免常見錯誤，幫助提升你的 shadow speech 能力。通過不斷地糾正和實踐，你能夠在溝通中更加自信。
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is collected · can be placed · can be done |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has been · has never been |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。