シャドーイング練習: Dr. Bernard Bendok: Arteriovenous Malformation - Brain AVM - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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So an AVM is an abnormal tangle of vessels where arteries connect through a tangle of weakened vessels to a vein.
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46 文
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So an AVM is an abnormal tangle of vessels where arteries connect through a tangle of weakened vessels to a vein.
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Normally arteries divide into ever smaller vessels until you get to the capillary level where the vessels are very tiny
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and at that level capillaries can unload oxygen and nutrients and pick up CO2 and then from there the blood is collected by small veins that go into ever larger veins that then go back to the heart.
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With an AVM however, the arteries connect to a tangle of weakened arteries and that flow goes right into a vein.
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So as a result, the veins see arterial pressure.
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Normally venous pressure is much lower than arterial pressure, but in AVM the veins are under high pressure and veins don't like high pressure so that tends to lead to inflammation and sometimes aneurysms can form and those aneurysms can lead to rupture.
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And when an AVM bleeds that can be occasionally catastrophic or lead to neurological injury.
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It would be the equivalent of a column that's designed to hold up a cardboard roof.
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Putting a cement roof on that on that column will result of the column collapsing.
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So one of the challenges with understanding AVMs and their treatment options is the fact that they're very complicated three-dimensional structures that we often see 2D images and we try to look at 2D images to understand a three-dimensional problem.
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So we've been using 3D printing and holography to try to get a better understanding of the M, one, for the benefit of the treating team so that we can better think through what we may or may not be able to do for the patient, but the second is to also educate the patient regarding their problem.
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So this is a 3D print of an AVM.
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Here you can see some normal vessels, and what you can see here is what I would call the bowl of spaghetti.
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These are fragile vessels that can pop easily.
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They're not used to, or they're not designed to carry high pressure so they can break and rupture, and that can cause brain bleeding.
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So as we look at this model, we can start to rotate it and think about what vessels are coming into it.
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That's what we call feeding arteries.
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Abnormal vessels that come into this tangle, this spaghetti bowl, so to speak.
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And what you don't see on this model clearly is that there's usually a vein coming out.
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And when we go in with surgery, our goal is to separate this mass from the surrounding brain tissue safely while preserving the normal arteries and removing it from the patient.
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That may or may not be safe, depending on the specific anatomy of that patient.
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Additionally, an AVM of this size, for example, it may be very beneficial to inject some glue into the AVM before surgery to make the surgery safer.
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So what we would do is under fluoroscopy, we would navigate a very tiny catheter into, let's say, this artery and get into an artery where it would be safe to inject glue into the AVM.
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We would watch glue percolate into the AVM, plugging up these abnormal small arteries.
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And that That may make the surgical plan and the surgical option much easier to implement.
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Just like snowflakes, there are no two AVMs that are the same.
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Every AVM is different.
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It depends on how close you look.
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And our treatment plans also have to be unique and uniquely designed to match the needs of the patient.
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So the treatment options for AVM include microsurgery.
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That's where we, through a cranial opening and using the operating microscope, we can look at the anatomy of the AVM and disconnect the abnormal arteries from the surrounding circulation and remove the AVM.
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The second treatment option is embolization, where a catheter the size of an angel hair pasta can be placed into the AVM and glue can be injected to occlude those abnormal vessels to plug them up.
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That can be done in some cases to completely cure an AVM, typically for smaller AVMs that have one or two feeders.
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The other treatment option for AVMs is radiosurgery, where we use radiation to shrink an AVM.
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That treatment has the advantage of being minimally invasive, essentially, and it's an outpatient procedure, but it does take several years to work.
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So patients can continue to have risk of bleeding during that period.
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But for AVMs that cannot be removed surgically, for AVMs that are in locations that are undesirable from a surgical standpoint, or in patients who cannot tolerate surgery, either due to age or other comorbidities, radiosurgery may be a good option.
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Another option for larger AVMs is to use staged radiosurgery, where we treat the AVM in different pieces.
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So if an AVM is too big for a single shot of radiation, we can potentially break it up into two or three pieces and do it over the course of three to six months.
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And finally, of course, there is an innovative option for some AVMs, and that's proton beam therapy.
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And proton beam therapy has been used successfully to treat certain AVMs.
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But again, the treatment does take time, and not all AVMs can be occluded with this technique.
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So each of these techniques has pros and cons.
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It's important for every patient who would like to treat their AVM to really carefully get educated about all those treatment options and how they can potentially work together.
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Patients with AVMs should have hope.
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AVMs can be scary, but with modern treatments, there has never been a better time in the history of AVM treatment for patients with AVMs.
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背景とコンテキスト
このビデオでは、心臓と脳の血管における異常な構造である動静脈奇形（AVM）について、バーナード・ベンドク博士が解説しています。AVMは、通常の血流が異常な脆弱な血管を通過するために、高い圧力が静脈にかかり、脳出血や神経障害を引き起こす可能性があります。博士は、3D印刷技術を使用して、患者と治療チームがこの複雑な構造をよりよく理解できるように取り組んでいます。
日常コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ
- 「AVMは異常な血管の絡まりです。」
- 「この構造は、脆弱な血管が高圧にさらされることから始まります。」
- 「患者は教育を受けることが重要です。」
- 「それぞれのAVMはユニークです。」
- 「最新の治療法により、患者には希望があります。」
ステップバイステップ シャドーイングガイド
このビデオの内容を理解し、英語の発音を改善するために、英語シャドーイングを活用しましょう。以下のステップで、効果的に学ぶ方法を紹介します。
- ビデオを最初から最後まで視聴します。 内容を大まかに把握しましょう。
- 聞き取れなかったフレーズをメモします。 特に難しい部分や理解できない単語に注目しましょう。
- フレーズごとに繰り返します。 shadowspeaksのように、声を出して発音練習を行います。
- 正しい発音を意識しながらオーバーラッピングします。 聞こえてくる音声に合わせて話すことで、発音が改善されます。
- 録音し、自分の発音を確認しましょう。 これにより、客観的に自分の改善点を見つけることができます。
このプロセスを通じて、shadowspeakを意識しながら、流暢さと発音の改善を目指しましょう。日常生活の中でAVMの内容を会話に取り入れて、実践的な英語力を身につけてください。医療や科学のトピックに対する理解が深まることで、より広範な語彙とコミュニケーションの力が養われます。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。