Shadowing Practice: Best NextJS Folder Structures | Beginner - Intermediate - Advanced - Learn English Speaking with Video

A lot of people struggle with organizing their Next .js apps.

They tell themselves that they will eventually organize their project, but all that means is that they will end up having a components folder with 100 different files.

And what's the problem with that?

Well, if you ever want to build a website that has any chance of scaling, then you have to understand how to properly structure your projects.

And this is exactly what I will be teaching to you in this video.

We will go over three different folder structures for the same app, from beginner to advanced.

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Okay, so before I show you guys the beginner, intermediate and advanced folder structure, we built this app over here.

It's a mocked website using Next .js.

And we built the same app using all of the different folder structures.

So you guys can more easily understand the difference between them.

And what this is, is a simple events, community events planning app.

So you can obviously create different events.

And users can go ahead and click on those events, see the events, and RSVP if they want to, they can see the list of different events, and so on.

So this is just a simple website, it has different parts of it, different aspects.

There's like your profile page, there is the events tab, create event page, and there's also some marketing stuff like the about page and the FAQ.

So I think this example will be good because it will exemplify what a real production website would look like, right?

There's going to be routes that are authenticated, like the profile routes and the create events routes.

There's going to be some routes that are for marketing, like I said, and the way you structure that in your project is going to differ a lot.

So this is what we built.

Now let's get into the beginner folder structure.

And here it is.

This is how I would structure a beginner Next .js project.

Now I want to start every single one of these examples

that I'm going to be showing you guys with explaining to you guys when I would recommend you to use this.

So I would recommend you to use a beginner folder structure like this one.

If either you are a beginner, of course, by the name or if you are any other type of developer

that is building a small project

or maybe just trying to spin up an MVP in one or two days and your main purpose is to ship fast.

So what a lot of people get confused with is they see this as being a beginner folder structure, right?

And they imagine that this is just for beginners.

But no, this can also be the folder structure you use for building applications

that you just simply want to develop faster, right?

And I don't see a problem of that at all.

This is how you create an X .js project.

And this is probably what you're most used to, because most YouTube tutorials will have a similar folder structure.

So what am I talking about here?

What is the bulk of this folder structure?

So obviously, we have here a app folder, right?

And this app folder, what you would do is you would keep all of your routes in each of their individual folders.

So keep it simple, create the routes inside of the app folder, create the different pages, and maybe you'll have route groups, like I have here the dashboard route,

which has inner routes of inside of them, as you can see, but each of them simply have a page of .tsx inside of them,

maybe a layout, and all of them would be probably server components.

Now, that means that if you ever need any client functionality, like any kind of client components,

you would put them in this generic and general components folder.

And here you would put all of the different components that aren't routes in your project, including, for example, stuff related to forms,

maybe a button that is a client component, right, because you need an on click, and even your nav bar as well.

So keep it simple, put all of them over here, not much organization, obviously.

these components are used in this routes over here.

Some of them may be only used once.

But we're keeping them all inside of there because that's easier for us to quickly know where our stuff is.

Also, we would probably see a shared lib folder.

So we would have here some helpers, like if you're going to have a database, you might have a function for a file with some database information here, I'm literally just providing mock data.

But you might have a fetters file, right?

Some some way for you to deal with how you're fetching your data, some utility stuff, like the class name function that you have from till we merge, stuff like that.

And it would all exist here.

And you would just reuse it whenever you need inside of your project.

Now you would also have an API, right?

That API would exist in this API folder, it would just have simple routes that you would create post and get requests inside of it.

And then obviously call them directly inside of your application.

Now, the core idea here is being fast, right?

So this is what most people think of when they think of an X .js app, right?

There's an app folder with routes.

There is a components folder with UI.

There's a lib folder for helpers.

Maybe there's a types folder using TypeScript.

And there's always obviously a middleware.

In this case, we're just having a simple middleware here, nothing really big.

But this is what you would picture.

And this is good because it's easy, it's familiar, everyone knows, and it's really easy for you to just quickly spin up an MVP for maybe a project that you're launching,

validate your idea, see what people think, and get feedback.

Or if you're a beginner, this is also really good

because you can practice with thousands of examples out there of people doing the exact same thing as you, and you will actually eventually get better and be able to make the decisions on your own.

Now, there's some pros and cons that I want to address here.

For example, the main pro is that this is super easy to learn, fast to build, and there's basically no folder structure, right?

It's just minimal amount of folders and organization.

Now the cons is that obviously, this gets really messy as your features grow.

Why?

Because picture this, we have this component over here, right?

The event card.

Now let's see where this component is called.

This component is called only in the events list, right it's only called here now why do we put this in this components folder

because usually if you want to reuse it it's a card right you could

but right now we're not doing that

but as our project grows imagine in the future you just kept adding more components to this components folder

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and eventually this components folder has like 100 components 100 different files

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and you don't know where this event card is

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when you're looking for it to use it

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or maybe you're even in this events list component

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and you see this

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and you're like oh where is this I mean you can obviously click here

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but you get a bit lost right it's good to have

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everything contained parts of your website be divided by different purposes in them

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and you'll see

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that more as we progress in the different folder structures also this is extremely hard for you to test

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because everything is so grouped together that nothing is in isolation so it's difficult for you to actually predict the behavior.

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And if you're against testing, I'm a big against sometimes, you know, sometimes some testing is good, some testing is bad.

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But I think that if you're going to put out a production level app, I think some testing needs to happen.

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And in a beginner project, you don't have to worry about that at all.

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So that's why not having stuff in isolation and having stuff just grouped together is totally fine.

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Now let's get into the intermediate structure.

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This structure immediately, as you might notice, is a bit different.

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There's way more folders than we had before.

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There's some stuff, for example, there's testing in here.

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But we'll get to that in a second.

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I want to first talk about when I would recommend using this.

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And I would say that this is probably the stage in which most people will be in.

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Other than the beginner, I would say like if you're if you're trying to produce an app and publish it for people, this is probably what you would see.

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So I would use this if you are trying to actually grow an app.

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It doesn't have to be a huge app.

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It doesn't have to be a huge product.

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It could be maybe a team of even two people, two to six people.

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I would use this if you're building a website which has way more pages than normal.

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So we have here an app folder.

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And because we have more pages, you see we have a lot more routes over here.

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Each of them might even have individual internal routes.

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We are actually organizing them.

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Now, some people don't like putting parentheses for folders in Next .js, also known as route groups, because they're not really routes,

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they're just for organization purposes.

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Well, I think it's super useful.

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Like, if you're going to have a lot of different parts of your website, you want to organize them together.

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So like, every route related to authentication will be put inside of the auth route group.

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Every route that is part of the dashboard, so like the events, the host, the profile will be part of that.

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And everything related to marketing, such as the pricing page, maybe the FAQ, the about page will be part of the marketing route group.

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So that's one of the biggest parts of the intermediate project, a lot of focus and organization.

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And the main idea with this folder structure is to add very clear boundaries.

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So for example, we have, you know, you guys know already what the app folder is, right?

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Just to render your routes, you guys know what the API folder is, right?

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Just to make server routes.

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But then what would we do with this?

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So as you're building your app in an intermediate folder structure, you would create all of your database auth business logic inside of this server folder.

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And for each of them, you would abstract it by creating a folder for each specific type of service.

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So I have here an auth folder for everything related to that.

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Then you can have a DB folder, right?

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I would personally, if you're building a more intermediate project, probably use some sort of good,

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reliable database and some sort of ORM to support that database, which in this case, I would always recommend Prisma,

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have a huge course on it if you guys want to check it out on YouTube for free.

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But I love Prisma, and I would probably use something like that.

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I don't have all the configuration files here as well.

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Then I would also recommend that you use some sort of server state manager, right?

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Something in the realms of, for example, React query, something like that.

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And for that, you would probably want to organize your API requests in whichever way

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that makes sense to whichever framework you're using.

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Since I just mentioned 10 stack query, there's obviously the concepts of mutations and the concept of queries.

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So I would organize my mutations and queries maybe in a way like this.

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And obviously there's also the services.

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If you have any type of backend services, any type of vendors that you guys are dealing with in your project, such as Stripe, all that kind of stuff,

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you might put them here as well.

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Now, this is just the backend.

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This is how you would organize your backend.

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But when you're building your front end, on top of the different routes that you have over here, the routes have inside of them different features, right?

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The homepage might have 10 different features inside of it

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that should all exist in a different part of the project because they all are independent.

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So the features is used for creating user facing and user interacted pieces of UI.

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So these over here would probably contain a mix of some small UI plus server actions.

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So like the RSVP feature is a feature, right?

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It has a UI, right?

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It has the maybe the part of the website where you can RSVP.

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And then it has obviously all the stuff that comes with it, like the backend interactions that you would need to make and so on.

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There's also the events, which is way bigger because this whole thing is all about events, right?

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Create an event, reading an event, editing an event, all that kind of stuff would exist in a folder like this.

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That could involve some server actions that would exist here, or that might involve some UI that would exist here, like that event card that I mentioned in the previous folder structure.

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And also any hooks that you might want to reuse throughout this individual feature.

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So this is the main idea.

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We are dividing our UI of our project into folders

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that will group everything related to it together so that it's way easier for us to know.

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Now, if we go ahead and see the event card component, right?

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If we were to, now we're reusing it in many places, but if I were to go over here and see it appearing on this page, right, I saw this event card over here,

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I knew I would probably know immediately that it is part of the features folder in the events folder in the components, and then there's the event card.

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So that's the main idea here.

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Now, one thing as well, I would say this are smaller, but obviously, we would have the same live folder that we had before.

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And also, if you're building an intermediate project, I would highly recommend giving a lot of time into thinking about caching in order for you to optimize your,

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obviously your API requests, make your website load faster.

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With Next .js, that is a big issue.

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So I would recommend spending time on that.

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And then there's some other stuff that are more like not a requirement.

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I like a UI folder, right?

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And this is different from, for example, the UI folders we have on the features, because these are more generic components that you just reuse.

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Like every time you have a button that you need to use in your project, you create a button component that is unique to your project

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so that you don't have to rewrite the same logic multiple, multiple times.

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An empty state is another one.

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There's going to be multiple scenarios in your app where you're fetching data and maybe there's no data there, and you have to account for that case.

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In both cases, you want to put a unique empty state that will appear in your app.

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Maybe it's a little image.

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maybe it's a text, whatever you want, and just reuse it like that.

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And all that will exist inside of the shared UI folder.

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Now the main pro for this specific folder structure is that out of the three, in my opinion, is the most fun to play with

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because I think it isn't too messy and it isn't too strict, right?

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So this could scale to real products, there is the ability to test.

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So we have a logic here that is abstracted enough that you can isolate it and test it.

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I forgot to mention, we have here our test folder, right?

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And there is a clearer boundary between the client and the server, right?

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We have our server stuff and set of our routes if we need to and also in this server folder here.

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And we have our client stuff if we need to as well, inside of the components folder.

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And if we ever need to have any server interaction, on top of that, we have some server actions.

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Now, the cons is that, obviously, it's more of a con related to the beginners folder structure, which is there's more folders, more conventions.

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Because of the way you're structuring this, there might be a risk of duplications if you're not really careful with how you're establishing your boundaries, how you're establishing, like, when you're creating folders,

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you really want to be careful with where you're creating folders, if it makes sense.

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And I feel like this is an issue that grows even more when we get to the advanced one.

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But it's definitely a cost that you have to pay from the benefit of having a less messy project.

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Now, the main difference between this one and the last one is

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that we move a lot of the logic that was existing inside of here into the features folder, into the server folder, and so on.

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Now we get to the advanced structure and the advanced structure is uh one

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that i don't personally recommend uh i don't personally recommend i think

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that this is what i would expect to see in a

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big company you know something in the realms of this not maybe not exactly the same thing

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and that's something i wanted to tell you guys like don't

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take everything i say to the letter you know best practices isn't an exact science

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so if you're going to structure a project sometimes it works better for your team in a different way.

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So if that's the case, do that.

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So I'm just trying to gather what I have learned from building in beginner, intermediate and advanced projects from what I understand to this day.

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So this folder structure is an advanced folder structure.

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What I would recommend is that you only use this kind of stuff if you see benefit in it.

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And usually you will see the benefit in building something like this if you have a big product and a big team.

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So something that maybe have multiple surfaces, maybe multiple parts of the app,

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maybe even subsites to your app that they're not related.

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A project that would involve complex iterations, would involve maybe a complex backend, stuff like that.

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And the core idea here that I structured is the idea of having entities,

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features, processes, and widgets.

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Now those four over there, the names don't really matter.

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But these names are known in the industry, and they take shape in different ways.

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But this structure follows this way.

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And this project, you would obviously create your routes the same way as we mentioned before, the exact same routes, you would put them over here.

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And this is all that this would be just create the routes.

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Now, inside of those routes, there's different parts of them.

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And those parts of them are distributed and organized throughout the entities, features, processes, and widgets.

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Now, what are they?

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Well, the entities is the raw data and rules.

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Now, we'll start with the features.

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The features is related to what the user can do.

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So in this app, there's a lot of things that the user can do.

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Like, for example, the user can create an event.

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They can pay stuff.

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They can RSVP to an event they can search stuff.

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And these are small abilities that are glued to a UI that glues a UI with data often through,

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for example, a server action in order to make that ability be usable by the user.

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So that's what a feature is.

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And here you can clearly see that we have here the create events feature, the host payouts feature, the RCP event feature and the search feature.

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Now, in the events project, I didn't like manually create the folders or the files for each of these folders,

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because the example project that we used over here, wouldn't fully match what this folder structure looks like, but it's still running through here.

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Now, this is what the features folder is.

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Now the entities folder is a bit different.

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This is the raw data your app knows about.

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So like, this would involve simple shapes and rules like what is the event look like?

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What is the model of it?

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What is the RCP look like?

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What does the user look like?

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And by model, I usually mean like, you maybe define some interfaces,

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define how parts the fields of what an event is relates to a user, stuff like that.

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And this would be really useful as well, because it would mainly be used for stuff like reusable TypeScript types.

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Now, the The widgets folder is, in my opinion, the most important one, because this one is where you create the UI.

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So there is pieces of the UI that you would consider a widget.

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Now, what is a widget?

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Now, a widget is a name given to reusable UI blocks.

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So not a small feature, but like a huge block.

270

So if you think of YouTube, for example, YouTube has the recommendation feed, right?

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There's a bunch of videos showing up on the right when you're watching YouTube.

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So that feed appears multiple times on this app.

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And that isn't just one component.

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That's actually like a block of components, a block of UI with multiple things,

275

including the video recommendations, the ability to scroll through it, the titles of the videos, stuff like that.

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And whenever YouTube needs to just put that at a different page, you can just reuse that widget.

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So that's what a widget would be.

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And it's reusable blocks of UI that you just copy and drop at different screens.

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They will show things that they don't own any big logic or any routing, but they are pieces of UI that you can rely on and put whenever you need to.

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Now, the last one is the processes.

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Now, the processes, it really doesn't matter like it depends on

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which project you're building i added here because usually

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if you're building an advanced project you would need to have some behind the scenes job

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so this is kind of like stuff

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that you can run on a schedule cron jobs nothing related

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to ui stuff like sending emails every day for a notification cleaning data syncing with services all

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that kind of stuff you would definitely have something like this especially the sending email stuff, you might want to run that in the schedule.

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And I would put that background processes inside of this folder.

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Now, the rest of this would be similar to what we've mentioned on the intermediate, there's going to be a test folder.

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And in here, you would do different types of testings, right?

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So that's a big thing that you do in big companies.

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There's integration testing, there's unit testing, and there's end to end testing.

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So if you're not familiar with each of them.

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Basically, the most basic explanation I can give you is unit testing,

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you force test what you expect from different endpoints, different functions, stuff like that, and you manually mock the data.

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Integration testing, you actually make API requests and you test what the result is.

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And end -to -end testing is sometimes not that common, depending on the type of app you have,

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but it's basically when you validate that the entire app is working from the front end to where the data is stored, all that kind of stuff.

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There's also snapshot testing because this is a front end application, which you could do it as well.

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I'm going to close this.

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I usually, this is more of a backend testing kind of stuff, but if you are interested in testing the front end, I would do it in the widgets folder or whatever,

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whichever UI folder you have, I would do it more specific to each file.

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Now, the main pro here is that this would scale.

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And also, it's good for team ownership.

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So like, if you're working in a company, right, that has multiple teams, each team would own a different part of this project,

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everyone will be coding on the same project, right, because this is the front end of the website, it's not like it's a each person can create their own micro service,

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and then they can own the whole service with the front end, everyone has to share the same code base.

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But even though you're sharing the same code base, you will own different parts of it, like different widgets, different features, stuff like that.

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And this allows for more easily doing that.

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It also, again, has strong boundaries, which makes it easier for you to test.

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And there's some performance patterns built into it as well.

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Now, some of the cons is that it has a steep learning curve, there's a lot of abstraction, and a lot of spending time organizing your project and stuff like that,

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which is just more boilerplate.

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And this is 100 % an overkill for most apps because you don't need to have...

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If you're building an app alone, you don't have to organize it so much just because no one else will be...

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You know where everything else is.

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Unless you're building for other people, you don't have to do this.

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But I like to imagine

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that I think it might be useful for some of you

320

who hasn't worked on an advanced project yet to at least have an idea of how it would look like.

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Now...

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Should you immediately go ahead and change all your projects to match the folder structures that I mentioned?

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No, 100 % not.

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If you build a project with a beginner folder structure to validate your app, it could take you one to two days for you to actually merge it.

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If you build a project with a beginner folder structure, just to quickly validate your app, you could then take one or two days to just move

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that into a more advanced folder structure that makes it more organized.

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You don't have to do that since the beginning.

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Now, that's basically it.

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I really hope you guys enjoyed this video.

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If you enjoyed the video, please leave a like down below and comment what you want to see next.

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Again, thank you so much, Savala, for sponsoring this video.

332

Really appreciate it.

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If you guys want to check them out, please click the link in the description and I'm sure you guys will enjoy their product.

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Now, if you want to see any specific video of mine, please leave a comment down below and let me know.

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I'll respond to as many comments as possible and thank you so much for watching and I see you guys next time.

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Thank you for listening.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Este vídeo tiene 336 frases y 4801 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 25:45. El hablante habla rápido, unas 186 palabras por minuto, así que espera sonidos enlazados y reducidos. El 86 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
folder sustantivo	/ˈfoʊldɚ/	carpeta, fólder
component sustantivo	/kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/	componente
beginner sustantivo	/bəˈɡɪnɚ/	bisoño, novato
server sustantivo	/ˈsɝvɚ/	servidor
organize verbo	/ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/	organizar
intermediate adjetivo	/ɪn.tə(ɹ)ˈmi.di.ət/	intermedio
database sustantivo	/ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/	base de datos, banco de datos
involve verbo	/ɪnˈvɑlv/	involucrar
con verbo	/kɑn/	engañar, estafar
boundary sustantivo	/ˈbaʊndɹi/	linde, lindero
entity sustantivo	/ˈɛn.tə.ti/ [-tʰi]	entidad
query sustantivo	/ˈkwɪɹ.i/	consulta, pregunta
sponsor sustantivo	/ˈspɒn.səː/	patrocinador, patrocinadora
messy adjetivo	/ˈmɛsi/	desordenado, desprolijo
mock verbo	/mɑk/	imitar, remedar

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
go ahead verbo	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	venga, adelante
go over verbo		sentar, pasar
check out verbo		investigar, chequear
end up verbo		terminar, ir a parar
put out verbo		sacar
run through verbo		resumir
slow down verbo		desacelerar, decelerar

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

Estructura	En el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace	is backed · are authenticated · is called
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora	you've hit · have learned · we've mentioned
Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa	website which has · events, which is · structure, which is

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 83 contracciones y formas reducidas, como you're, don't, I'm. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

Los sonidos de “th”: authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, authenticate /ɔˈθɛn.tɪ.keɪt/, authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, parenthesis /pəˈɹɛn.θə.sɪs/
Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/, recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/
Palabras largas — cuida el acento: intermediate /ɪn.tə(ɹ)ˈmi.di.ət/, entity /ˈɛn.tə.ti/ [-tʰi], authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como folder, component, beginner.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →

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¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?