Pratique du Shadowing: China’s Fluctuating Population Explained | Geography | ClickView - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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- With more than 1,440,000,000 people living within its border, the People's Republic of China is the world's most populous nation.
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It comprises just under 20% of the entire world's population.
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While the Republic itself was only founded in the mid-20th century, China's borders are vast encompassing a diversity of landscapes, cultures, languages and traditions that date back thousands of years.
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Thanks to extensive record keeping by emperors dating back to the 2nd century, we know that for a millennium the population fluctuated between roughly 40 and 60 million people as plagues and wars came and went.
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Then in the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, China's population began growing steadily.
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Like many nations, the period coinciding with the Industrial Revolution brought changes in health and nutrition that extended lifespans and reduced infant mortality.
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By 1820, China had more than 380 million citizens which was 1/3 of the whole world's population.
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When the People's Republic of China was established in October 1949, its total population was already half a billion, more than triple the US population of 150 million at that time.
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The modern nation covers an area of just over 3.7 million square miles with a total population density of 375 people per square mile.
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Shanghai alone is home to more than 23 million people giving it a population density of just under 5,200 individuals per square mile.
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In its more concentrated districts, this figure soars to more than 9,800 inhabitants for every square mile.
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Elsewhere China's population could be considered quite sparse.
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Tibet's 3.18 million people make up just a fraction of a percent of the total population and due to its rugged terrain, it has an average of just five people per square mile.
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Under the Communist Party of China the total fertility rate was initially five to six children per woman.
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This caused rapid population growth, which was first seen as an advantage by China's government.
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However, the population outstripped agricultural production and a series of catastrophic famines claimed millions of lives.
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From 1958 to 1960, an economic campaign, called the Great Leap Forward, attempted to bring China's agrarian state into line with modern nations, such as the U.K.
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Farmers were relocated into villages called communes and many were forced to give up what little food they grew.
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The state took it for processing and export, and this led to mass starvation.
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In the years that followed, continued reforms further industrialized China.
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By the 1960s, child mortality was dropping significantly.
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Where previously more than 131 out of every 1,000 children born would die before their fifth birthday, that figure fell to 55 in 1980.
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Today, that figure is just 10.
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From a life expectancy of around 32 from the mid 19th century through to the 1920s, by the 1970s, the average citizen in China could expect to live well into their 60s.
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In 2021, this figure reached 77 years.
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In just a few decades, the population virtually doubled.
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What was seen as a tremendous resource was beginning to look like a serious problem.
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One solution was to encourage couples to marry later and have just two children.
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In 1979, China's leader, Deng Xiaoping, reduced that number to just one child per couple in what would famously become known as China's one-child policy.
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Those who had more children faced a penalty in the form of a child raising fee.
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Contraception and sterilization were enforced at the risk of losing employment or access to healthcare.
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The policy successfully reduced the total fertility rate seeing it drop to 1.7 children per woman, well below the replacement rate of 2.1.
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But in 2015, faced with an aging population and an increasing dependency ratio, the government relaxed the policy to allow for two children.
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Then in 2021, with a fertility rate of just 1.3, the number of children allowable was raised again to three.
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So what might the future hold?
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China has very few immigrants with the government issuing only around 1,000 permanent residency cards each year.
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At the same time, more Chinese have emigrated in recent years, especially wealthy ones.
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China experiences a consistently low fertility rate, a declining infant mortality rate, and an increasing life expectancy.
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This is reflected in China's population distribution with the bottom tapering inward and a widening in the middle age groups.
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Together these factors place China in stage four of the Demographic Transition Model.
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It's expected that China's population will continue to increase slowly, peaking at 1.46 billion around 2030.
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Then China's birth rate is expected to fall below the death rate and the population will begin declining.
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It could drop to just over one billion people by the end of the century or perhaps even lower.
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During this period of decline, China will have progressed to stage five of the Demographic Transition Model, joining some of the most developed countries in the world.
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Just as China had to deal with the consequences of a booming population in the past, in the future, the consequences of a shrinking one might need some innovative thinking.
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If you liked this video you can find it and so many more at clickview.net.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « China’s Fluctuating Population Explained ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : population, China, rate, mile, square. Cette vidéo contient 47 phrases et 830 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:07. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 117 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 82 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| fertility nom | /fɝˈtɪləti/ | fertilité |
| mortality nom | /mɔɹˈtælɪti/ | mortalité, condition mortelle |
| expectancy nom | /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/ | attente, espérance |
| infant nom | /ˈɪn.fənt/ | nourrisson, enfant en bas âge |
| consequence nom | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | conséquence |
| agrarian adjectif | /əˈɡɹɛ(ə)ɹi.ən/ | agraire |
| coincide verbe | /ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd/ | coïncider |
| commune nom | /ˈkɑmjuːn/ | commune |
| emigrate verbe | /ˈɛmɪɡɹeɪt/ | émigrer |
| encompass verbe | /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ | encercler |
| fluctuate verbe | /ˈflʌkt͡ʃu.eɪt/ | fluctuer |
| industrialize verbe | /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/ | industrialiser |
| inhabitant nom | /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/ | habitant, habitante |
| inward adjectif | /ˈɪnwəd/ | intérieur |
| lifespan nom | /ˈlaɪf.spæn/ | durée de vie, longévité |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| give up verbe | se rendre | |
| make up verbe | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | constituer, composer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was only founded · was established · could be considered |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | citizens which was · growth, which was · Those who had |
Prononciation à surveiller
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, shanghai /ˈʃæŋ.haɪ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, expectancy /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/, agrarian /əˈɡɹɛ(ə)ɹi.ən/, allowable /əˈlaʊ.əbəl/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, shanghai /ˈʃæŋ.haɪ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, agrarian /əˈɡɹɛ(ə)ɹi.ən/, emigrate /ˈɛmɪɡɹeɪt/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/, outstrip /ˌaʊtˈstɹɪp/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme fertility, mortality, expectancy.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.