跟读练习: China’s Fluctuating Population Explained | Geography | ClickView - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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- [Narrator] With more than 1,440,000,000 people living within its border, the People's Republic of China is the world's most populous nation.
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- [Narrator] With more than 1,440,000,000 people living within its border, the People's Republic of China is the world's most populous nation.
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It comprises just under 20% of the entire world's population.
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While the Republic itself was only founded in the mid-20th century, China's borders are vast encompassing a diversity of landscapes, cultures, languages and traditions that date back thousands of years.
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Thanks to extensive record keeping by emperors dating back to the 2nd century, we know that for a millennium the population fluctuated between roughly 40 and 60 million people as plagues and wars came and went.
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Then in the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, China's population began growing steadily.
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Like many nations, the period coinciding with the Industrial Revolution brought changes in health and nutrition that extended lifespans and reduced infant mortality.
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By 1820, China had more than 380 million citizens which was 1/3 of the whole world's population.
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When the People's Republic of China was established in October 1949, its total population was already half a billion, more than triple the US population of 150 million at that time.
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The modern nation covers an area of just over 3.7 million square miles with a total population density of 375 people per square mile.
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Shanghai alone is home to more than 23 million people giving it a population density of just under 5,200 individuals per square mile.
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In its more concentrated districts, this figure soars to more than 9,800 inhabitants for every square mile.
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Elsewhere China's population could be considered quite sparse.
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Tibet's 3.18 million people make up just a fraction of a percent of the total population and due to its rugged terrain, it has an average of just five people per square mile.
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Under the Communist Party of China the total fertility rate was initially five to six children per woman.
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This caused rapid population growth, which was first seen as an advantage by China's government.
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However, the population outstripped agricultural production and a series of catastrophic famines claimed millions of lives.
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From 1958 to 1960, an economic campaign, called the Great Leap Forward, attempted to bring China's agrarian state into line with modern nations, such as the U.K.
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Farmers were relocated into villages called communes and many were forced to give up what little food they grew.
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The state took it for processing and export, and this led to mass starvation.
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In the years that followed, continued reforms further industrialized China.
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By the 1960s, child mortality was dropping significantly.
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Where previously more than 131 out of every 1,000 children born would die before their fifth birthday, that figure fell to 55 in 1980.
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Today, that figure is just 10.
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From a life expectancy of around 32 from the mid 19th century through to the 1920s, by the 1970s, the average citizen in China could expect to live well into their 60s.
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In 2021, this figure reached 77 years.
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In just a few decades, the population virtually doubled.
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What was seen as a tremendous resource was beginning to look like a serious problem.
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One solution was to encourage couples to marry later and have just two children.
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In 1979, China's leader, Deng Xiaoping, reduced that number to just one child per couple in what would famously become known as China's one-child policy.
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Those who had more children faced a penalty in the form of a child raising fee.
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Contraception and sterilization were enforced at the risk of losing employment or access to healthcare.
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The policy successfully reduced the total fertility rate seeing it drop to 1.7 children per woman, well below the replacement rate of 2.1.
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But in 2015, faced with an aging population and an increasing dependency ratio, the government relaxed the policy to allow for two children.
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Then in 2021, with a fertility rate of just 1.3, the number of children allowable was raised again to three.
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So what might the future hold?
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China has very few immigrants with the government issuing only around 1,000 permanent residency cards each year.
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At the same time, more Chinese have emigrated in recent years, especially wealthy ones.
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China experiences a consistently low fertility rate, a declining infant mortality rate, and an increasing life expectancy.
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This is reflected in China's population distribution with the bottom tapering inward and a widening in the middle age groups.
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Together these factors place China in stage four of the Demographic Transition Model.
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It's expected that China's population will continue to increase slowly, peaking at 1.46 billion around 2030.
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Then China's birth rate is expected to fall below the death rate and the population will begin declining.
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It could drop to just over one billion people by the end of the century or perhaps even lower.
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During this period of decline, China will have progressed to stage five of the Demographic Transition Model, joining some of the most developed countries in the world.
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Just as China had to deal with the consequences of a booming population in the past, in the future, the consequences of a shrinking one might need some innovative thinking.
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为什么要通过这个视频练习口语？
练习口语是提高英语水平的重要环节，而通过观看视频进行口语练习，有助于学员在真实的语境中掌握语言。透过这个题为“中国的人口波动解析”的视频，您不仅能听到地道的英语发音，还能了解到关于中国人口的诸多知识，例如历史、政策和社会动态。这样的内容不仅丰富了您的文化视野，也在潜移默化中提升了您的英语表达能力。通过像“看YouTube学英语”这样的方式，您可以边学习边实践，正如“shadow speak”所倡导的那样，使用“shadow speech”模式模仿说话者的语调和节奏，使您的口语更加流利自然。
语法与表达在语境中的应用
在视频中，叙述者使用了若干关键语法结构和表达方式，以下是其中的一些：
- 以时间为线索的句子：如“当...时”和“随着...的发生”，可以帮助您在描述事件的顺序时清晰表达时间关系。
- 对比结构：叙述者提到了“过去和现在”的对比，这种结构可以增强叙述的层次感，展现不同时间段的变化。
- 因果关系句：例如“这导致了...”等表达，可以使您在复述原因和结果时更加清晰明了。
通过模仿叙述者，您可以在语境中自然地掌握这些结构，提升自己的表达能力。
常见的发音陷阱
在观看视频时，您可能会遇到一些发音挑战，例如：
- “人口”（population）：注意语音重音和连读练习，确保您发音清晰。
- “文化”（culture）：在快速对话中可能会被带入口语化的发音，建议在“shadow shadowspeak”训练中加强辨识。
- “因果”（cause and effect）：此短语中的发音可能让您困惑，注意元音和辅音的清晰度。
勤加练习并运用这些发音技巧，可以帮助您在口语交流中更加自信。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。