シャドーイング練習: AP Psychology- The Human Brain - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Hi, my name is Nicole McIntyre and I'd like to talk to you about psychology.
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Hi, my name is Nicole McIntyre and I'd like to talk to you about psychology.
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Psychology is interesting to study because of how it relates to other sciences and to the real world.
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Today, let's study the human brain.
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The brain is easily the most intricate and interesting psychological phenomenon that we know.
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If you're taking AP Psychology,
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an intro-level psychology class in college,
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or if you're just curious about the most important thing that makes us human,
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you'll want to get to know the brain.
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The brain is a part of the nervous system,
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or more specifically, the central nervous system.
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The CNS is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord,
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and it makes all the big decisions for your body.
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But what those big decisions are and how it makes them is complicated.
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As you probably imagine, it's very difficult to study brain activity.
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The brain does nothing on the outside to indicate anything it might be doing on the inside.
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This is why we use technology to try and find connections between the brain and behavior.
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We have EEGs, CT and PET scans,
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MRI and fMRI machines, all of which provide many details about the brain structure,
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but only some of which,
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the EEG, PET scan and fMRI,
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show us exactly how the brain functions.
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Now back before we had this kind of technology and even now,
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an important way in which we study the brain is through accidents.
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In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage was involved in a gunpowder accident
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that sent a metal rod through the front part of his skull.
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Though he miraculously survived and retained his ability to function completely as before,
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the brain damage to his frontal lobe somehow altered his entire personality.
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He was no longer himself,
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but rather mean, emotional, and impulsive.
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And so researchers concluded that the areas in which the brain was damaged must have controlled behavior.
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The idea that different areas of the brain control different parts of behavior is called brain localization.
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And brain localization can help us divide the brain into separate categories so that we can study both its structure and function.
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There are three major parts of the brain,
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the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain,
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each of which serve different purposes.
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The hindbrain rests at the top of the spinal cord and is the oldest,
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most ancient part of the brain.
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It evolved first and has kept us alive by controlling our most basic biological functions.
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It consists of the brainstem,
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the central connection between the spinal cord and our skull,
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the medulla, which controls involuntary but necessary actions such as our breathing,
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blood pressure, and heart rate,
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the pons, which passes neural information between the three brain regions and helps coordinate movement such as facial expression,
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the reticular activating system that controls arousal or our alertness,
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the thalamus, which receives and relays sensory information,
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and our cerebellum, which means little brain,
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because it controls many important things like muscle movement,
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balance, and emotions, and because it looks like a literal little brain attached to the underside of our hindbrain.
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The midbrain follows, sitting just above the spinal cord and just below the forebrain,
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and primarily functions using sensory information to coordinate simple movements.
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Its major components are the tectum and tegmentum,
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the brain's roof and floor.
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Lastly is the forebrain, containing our limbic system,
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or the emotional center of our brain.
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You may recall that the forebrain is where Phineas Gage sustained the most damage.
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Had the rod hit him any lower,
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he may have died, but instead he just changed.
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This is because the limbic system contains three very important things that allow for higher brain function and human behavior.
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The hippocampus is involved in processing new learning and new memories.
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The amygdala is more involved in the expression of emotions,
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such as anger and frustration.
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And the hypothalamus controls many things,
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such as our body's temperature,
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water balance and hunger, our sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system,
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and even our sex drive and sleeping patterns.
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The forebrain is essentially the most human part of our brain,
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and it's the part that we're most familiar with.
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Part of it is the cerebral cortex,
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all that pink and wrinkly stuff that we know and love.
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This is the gray matter full of densely packed neurons that cover the entire brain.
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As we grow and develop,
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our cerebral cortex grows as well,
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allowing it to wrinkle even more and fill our brain with more and more neural connections.
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The cerebral cortex covers our two hemispheres,
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left and right, each specializing in different functions,
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which is what we call brain laterization or hemispheric specialization.
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The left hemisphere is involved in language processing and logical tasks,
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while the right hemisphere is more involved in creative and spatial reasoning.
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The hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum,
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a very important band of nerve fibers between them that allows them to work together.
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But neuropsychologist Roger Sperry discovered that each hemisphere can also operate independently of the other in split brain patients.
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These patients are so called
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because of a surgery they obtained to have their corpus callosum cut in order to treat severe seizures.
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Okay, so bear with me.
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I know that you've been given a lot of ways to categorize the brain already,
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but the cerebral cortex can still be broken down even further.
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Within each hemisphere of the cortex are four distinct lobes,
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the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
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These lobes are categorized based on how they receive sensory information and control muscle movements.
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What What comes in is your sensory cortex and what goes out is your motor cortex.
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In the frontal lobe, higher level thinking takes place.
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Living right behind your eyes is your prefrontal cortex,
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which can be thought of as your brain's boss of sorts.
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It's associated with executive thought processing and emotional control.
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It thinks ahead to pursue success and to foresee consequence.
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It allows for judgment, abstract thought,
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a lot of our personality,
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and even speech, because also within the frontal lobe,
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but typically only in the left hemisphere,
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is one of the brain's two language processing centers.
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The Broca's area was discovered by Paul Broca as able to control speech production
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when he noticed that damage to this area caused expressive aphasia,
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or the inability to speak.
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In the parietal lobe, we have our somatosensory cortex,
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or as I called it before,
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our sensory cortex, which receives touch sensations,
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as well as information about our body's temperature and position.
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The occipital lobes are furthest from our eyes but house our visual cortex.
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When your right eye sends visual information to the brain,
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it's interpreted by your right occipital lobe,
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and when your left eye does so,
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it's interpreted by your left occipital lobe.
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And the temporal lobes right by our ears process sound.
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Sound, unlike sight, is not lateralized,
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and when it enters our left ear,
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is processed in both hemispheres.
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And this is also where our second language processing center is located, Wernicke's area.
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This center interprets speech, and when damaged,
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cause receptive aphasia, or the inability to comprehend speech.
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The rest of the cerebral cortex is made up of association areas,
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which deal with complicated, sophisticated thinking,
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the stuff that you're always trying to get better at,
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like learning, remembering, or being funny.
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And though while because the brain is localized and has these unimaginably complex functions that come from its very specific structure,
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it's still somewhat flexible.
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The brain's plasticity is what allows it to adapt, grow, and heal itself.
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I know, that was a lot of biology for a discussion on psychology,
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but psychology is very complex and has a lot of different parts to it,
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not unlike the human brain itself.
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Thank you for listening today and learning about the brain structure and function.
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Goodbye!
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このビデオで話す練習をすべき理由
心理学は、他の科学や現実世界との関連から非常に興味深いです。この動画では、人間の脳について学ぶことができます。脳は心理学的な現象の中で最も複雑で興味深いものの一つであり、私たち人間の本質を理解するためには欠かせません。英語を学ぶ際に、この内容を話しながら学ぶことで、英語の発音を良くするだけでなく、心理学的な知識も身につけることができるでしょう。また、ビデオを見ながら英語シャドーイングを行うことで、リスニング力やスピーキング力を同時に向上させることが可能です。
文法と表現の文脈
- 人間の脳は… - この構文は脳についての事実を述べる時によく使われます。
- …が必要です - この表現は何かの重要性を強調する際に便利です。
- …ことができる - 能力や可能性を示す時に使用されるモダリティの一つです。
これらの文法構造を覚えておくことで、より複雑な文章を自分で作成する際に役立ちます。特に、shadow speechやshadow speakを通じて、これらを練習することは非常に効果的です。
一般的な発音の難点
このビデオには、いくつか発音が難しい単語や言い回しがあります。例えば、「脳（のう）」や「自発的ではない（じはつてきではない）」といった言葉は、日本語と異なる発音特性があるため、練習が必要です。また、「生物学的機能（せいぶつがくてききのう）」のような長い表現も、速いスピーチの中での明瞭さを保つのが難しいでしょう。これらの単語やフレーズを反復練習することで、IELTS スピーキング対策としても役立ち、より流暢に話せるようになります。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。