Prática de Shadowing: AP Psychology- The Human Brain - Aprenda a falar inglês com o YouTube
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Hi, my name is Nicole McIntyre and I'd like to talk to you about psychology.
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Hi, my name is Nicole McIntyre and I'd like to talk to you about psychology.
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Psychology is interesting to study because of how it relates to other sciences and to the real world.
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Today, let's study the human brain.
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The brain is easily the most intricate and interesting psychological phenomenon that we know.
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If you're taking AP Psychology,
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an intro-level psychology class in college,
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or if you're just curious about the most important thing that makes us human,
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you'll want to get to know the brain.
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The brain is a part of the nervous system,
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or more specifically, the central nervous system.
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The CNS is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord,
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and it makes all the big decisions for your body.
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But what those big decisions are and how it makes them is complicated.
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As you probably imagine, it's very difficult to study brain activity.
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The brain does nothing on the outside to indicate anything it might be doing on the inside.
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This is why we use technology to try and find connections between the brain and behavior.
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We have EEGs, CT and PET scans,
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MRI and fMRI machines, all of which provide many details about the brain structure,
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but only some of which,
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the EEG, PET scan and fMRI,
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show us exactly how the brain functions.
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Now back before we had this kind of technology and even now,
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an important way in which we study the brain is through accidents.
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In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage was involved in a gunpowder accident
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that sent a metal rod through the front part of his skull.
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Though he miraculously survived and retained his ability to function completely as before,
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the brain damage to his frontal lobe somehow altered his entire personality.
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He was no longer himself,
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but rather mean, emotional, and impulsive.
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And so researchers concluded that the areas in which the brain was damaged must have controlled behavior.
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The idea that different areas of the brain control different parts of behavior is called brain localization.
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And brain localization can help us divide the brain into separate categories so that we can study both its structure and function.
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There are three major parts of the brain,
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the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain,
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each of which serve different purposes.
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The hindbrain rests at the top of the spinal cord and is the oldest,
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most ancient part of the brain.
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It evolved first and has kept us alive by controlling our most basic biological functions.
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It consists of the brainstem,
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the central connection between the spinal cord and our skull,
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the medulla, which controls involuntary but necessary actions such as our breathing,
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blood pressure, and heart rate,
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the pons, which passes neural information between the three brain regions and helps coordinate movement such as facial expression,
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the reticular activating system that controls arousal or our alertness,
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the thalamus, which receives and relays sensory information,
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and our cerebellum, which means little brain,
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because it controls many important things like muscle movement,
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balance, and emotions, and because it looks like a literal little brain attached to the underside of our hindbrain.
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The midbrain follows, sitting just above the spinal cord and just below the forebrain,
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and primarily functions using sensory information to coordinate simple movements.
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Its major components are the tectum and tegmentum,
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the brain's roof and floor.
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Lastly is the forebrain, containing our limbic system,
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or the emotional center of our brain.
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You may recall that the forebrain is where Phineas Gage sustained the most damage.
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Had the rod hit him any lower,
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he may have died, but instead he just changed.
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This is because the limbic system contains three very important things that allow for higher brain function and human behavior.
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The hippocampus is involved in processing new learning and new memories.
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The amygdala is more involved in the expression of emotions,
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such as anger and frustration.
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And the hypothalamus controls many things,
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such as our body's temperature,
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water balance and hunger, our sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system,
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and even our sex drive and sleeping patterns.
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The forebrain is essentially the most human part of our brain,
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and it's the part that we're most familiar with.
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Part of it is the cerebral cortex,
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all that pink and wrinkly stuff that we know and love.
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This is the gray matter full of densely packed neurons that cover the entire brain.
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As we grow and develop,
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our cerebral cortex grows as well,
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allowing it to wrinkle even more and fill our brain with more and more neural connections.
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The cerebral cortex covers our two hemispheres,
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left and right, each specializing in different functions,
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which is what we call brain laterization or hemispheric specialization.
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The left hemisphere is involved in language processing and logical tasks,
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while the right hemisphere is more involved in creative and spatial reasoning.
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The hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum,
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a very important band of nerve fibers between them that allows them to work together.
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But neuropsychologist Roger Sperry discovered that each hemisphere can also operate independently of the other in split brain patients.
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These patients are so called
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because of a surgery they obtained to have their corpus callosum cut in order to treat severe seizures.
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Okay, so bear with me.
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I know that you've been given a lot of ways to categorize the brain already,
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but the cerebral cortex can still be broken down even further.
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Within each hemisphere of the cortex are four distinct lobes,
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the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
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These lobes are categorized based on how they receive sensory information and control muscle movements.
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What What comes in is your sensory cortex and what goes out is your motor cortex.
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In the frontal lobe, higher level thinking takes place.
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Living right behind your eyes is your prefrontal cortex,
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which can be thought of as your brain's boss of sorts.
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It's associated with executive thought processing and emotional control.
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It thinks ahead to pursue success and to foresee consequence.
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It allows for judgment, abstract thought,
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a lot of our personality,
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and even speech, because also within the frontal lobe,
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but typically only in the left hemisphere,
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is one of the brain's two language processing centers.
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The Broca's area was discovered by Paul Broca as able to control speech production
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when he noticed that damage to this area caused expressive aphasia,
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or the inability to speak.
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In the parietal lobe, we have our somatosensory cortex,
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or as I called it before,
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our sensory cortex, which receives touch sensations,
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as well as information about our body's temperature and position.
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The occipital lobes are furthest from our eyes but house our visual cortex.
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When your right eye sends visual information to the brain,
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it's interpreted by your right occipital lobe,
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and when your left eye does so,
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it's interpreted by your left occipital lobe.
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And the temporal lobes right by our ears process sound.
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Sound, unlike sight, is not lateralized,
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and when it enters our left ear,
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is processed in both hemispheres.
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And this is also where our second language processing center is located, Wernicke's area.
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This center interprets speech, and when damaged,
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cause receptive aphasia, or the inability to comprehend speech.
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The rest of the cerebral cortex is made up of association areas,
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which deal with complicated, sophisticated thinking,
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the stuff that you're always trying to get better at,
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like learning, remembering, or being funny.
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And though while because the brain is localized and has these unimaginably complex functions that come from its very specific structure,
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it's still somewhat flexible.
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The brain's plasticity is what allows it to adapt, grow, and heal itself.
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I know, that was a lot of biology for a discussion on psychology,
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but psychology is very complex and has a lot of different parts to it,
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not unlike the human brain itself.
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Thank you for listening today and learning about the brain structure and function.
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Goodbye!
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Sobre esta Lição
Nesta lição, você irá mergulhar no fascinante mundo da psicologia ao explorar o cérebro humano. Este tópico não só é essencial para estudantes de psicologia, mas também apresenta uma ótima oportunidade para praticar seu inglês. Você irá aprender sobre as partes do cérebro, suas funções e como a ciência estudou o cérebro por meio de tecnologias modernas e casos históricos. Ao final dessa lição, você terá uma compreensão melhor do conteúdo relacionado à psicologia enquanto desenvolve suas habilidades de fala em inglês.
Vocabulário e Frases Chave
- cérebro - brain
- sistema nervoso central - central nervous system
- localização cerebral - brain localization
- funções biológicas - biological functions
- dano cerebral - brain damage
- músculo - muscle
- equilíbrio - balance
- emoções - emotions
Dicas de Prática
Para aprimorar suas habilidades de fala e compreensão em inglês, recomendo a técnica de shadowing em inglês. Ao assistir ao vídeo, siga estas dicas:
- Ouça atentamente o tom e o ritmo da fala da apresentadora, Nicole McIntyre. Ela fala de maneira clara e pausada, o que facilita a prática.
- Reproduza trechos curtos do vídeo e, em seguida, tente imitar o que você ouviu, prestando atenção tanto à pronúncia quanto à entonação. Essa técnica é chamada de shadow speak.
- Construa sua confiança ao falar em inglês repetindo frases até se sentir confortável. Utilize a técnica shadowspeak para internalizar as expressões e o vocabulário.
- Grave sua própria voz enquanto pratica. Comparar sua pronúncia com a do vídeo ajudará a identificar áreas que precisam de melhorias.
- Por fim, não hesite em repetir partes do vídeo que pareçam mais desafiadoras. A repetição ajuda na retenção de palavras e frases, facilitando o aprendizado através de shadow speech.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.
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