シャドーイング練習: States of Matter | Solid Liquid Gas - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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This is water.
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This is water.
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Whoops.
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This is water.
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But why does it look and behave so differently?
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We're going to find out together as we explore the different states of matter.
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Everything is made of matter.
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Things like this.
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Matter makes up all the stuff in the universe.
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Anything that takes up space and has mass is matter.
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All matter is made of atoms, which are in turn made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Atoms hang out together to form molecules, which are the building blocks for all types of matter.
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Both atoms and molecules are held together by a form of potential energy called chemical energy.
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Matter exists in different states.
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Today, we are going to investigate the three most common states.
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Solid state, liquid state, and gaseous or gas state.
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In a solid, particles are packed tightly together, so they don't move much.
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The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely, but can only vibrate.
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Because of this, particles in a solid have very low kinetic energy.
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Kinetic energy is the energy that an object has because of its motion.
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Solids have a definite shape, as well as definite volume and mass, and don't conform to the shape of a container that they're placed inside.
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Conform just means to change in order to fit.
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Solids are true to themselves.
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They don't change for anyone, unless they get really uncomfortable under pressure or things begin to heat up.
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Solids also have high density, which means that their particles are packed tightly together.
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Solids can only change their shape by an outside force, like this.
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In a liquid, the particles are more loosely packed than in a solid and are able to flow around each other, giving the liquid an indefinite shape.
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Therefore the liquid will conform to the shape of its container.
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There!
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So cats must be liquid.
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If I sit, I sit.
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In a gas, the particles have tons of space between them and high kinetic energy.
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Like we'll see with this smoke machine, a gas has no definite shape or volume.
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If uncontrolled, the particles of a gas will spread out indefinitely, like this.
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If confined, the gas will expand to fill its container.
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Let's observe this with some smoke-filled bubbles.
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The smoke is a gas we can see and the bubbles are a flexible liquid.
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As they stretch around the gas, they trap it.
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The bubble becomes a container for the gas.
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When they pop, the gas is released and dissipates.
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Understanding that because gas is matter, it must have weight in mass is a hard concept to understand unless you can see it.
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So I have a really simple way for us to observe this in action.
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This is a balance I've created with paper bags on both ends.
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Right now, both of these bags are filled with the same mixture of gases, the same gas that I'm breathing in right now, but let's change that.
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Now that we're goggled up, we're going to combine two very common substances, baking soda and vinegar.
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This chemical reaction creates carbon dioxide gas that we will pour into this bag.
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Do you see it going down just a little bit?
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As the carbon dioxide gas sinks into the bag, it's heavier than the mixture of gases on the other end.
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If you're still here liking this video, hit that subscribe button so you never miss an episode.
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You may have heard of or even observed ooblick first hand.
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It's a non-Newtonian fluid, a term for fluids that change viscosity or how easily they flow under stress.
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When you allow ooblick to flow through your fingers, it acts like a liquid, but if you apply rapid force, solidifies and can even tear.
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Adding or removing energy from matter causes a physical change, as matter moves from one state to another.
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For example, removing energy from liquid water causes it to become ice,
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a solid, and adding thermal energy or heat to liquid water causes it to become a vapor or a gas.
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This energy either strengthens or weakens the force holding the molecules together or the kinetic energy the particles have.
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We can observe this happening with these glow sticks.
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I have these three glow sticks that are all the same color and temperature.
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I've already cracked them open and started the chemical reaction.
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That's what makes them glow.
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If you want to learn the science behind this reaction, you can check out this video.
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You might be able to see already that there are different temperatures in each one of these glass containers.
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In this one we have cold water with ice, this is room temperature, and this is hot water.
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Let's see how the glow sticks change behavior when we place them in each container.
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We're going to wait for five minutes and see what changes.
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You can't see the differences too well because of all of these lights so let's take care of that.
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You can see a difference, especially here between the hot water and the cold water.
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Why do you think this happened?
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First, let's get these lights back on.
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Much better.
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Chemical reactions happen slower at lower temperatures and faster at higher temperatures
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because the molecules are moving faster at higher temperatures and slower at lower temperatures.
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The more heat energy, the more movement or kinetic energy that the molecules have.
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When heat is applied to a solid, its particles begin to vibrate faster and its particles begin to move farther apart.
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When the substance reaches a certain combination of temperature and pressure,
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its melting point, the solid will begin to melt and turn into a liquid.
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When heat is removed, the opposite happens.
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The particles slow down and move closer together.
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If enough heat is removed, the substance begins to freeze.
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When a solid is converted directly into a gas without going through a liquid phase, the process is known as sublimation.
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A few volatile substances will undergo sublimation at room temperature and pressure, such as frozen carbon dioxide or dry ice.
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The dry Ice is a solid, but you can see that gas coming off of it and crawling over the surface of the desk.
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Vaporization is the changing of a liquid to a gas
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and can occur through either evaporation or boiling like we're attempting to do right here.
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Because the particles in a liquid are in constant motion, they frequently bump into each other and each collision causes energy to be transferred.
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Once enough energy is transferred to particles here near the surface, they may be knocked completely away as free gas particles, as you can see right here.
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Condensation occurs when gas loses energy and the particles come together to form a liquid.
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For example, water vapor condenses into liquid water on the outside of your glass on a warm day.
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The warm water vapor bumps into the side of the cold glass and forms these little drops of water.
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Matter is changing state all around you.
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See how many examples you can find today.
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And if you want to learn more science, you can check out this video next.
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It's too intense.
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The ooblick is too intense.
このビデオで話す練習をする理由は？
このビデオでは、物質の異なる状態について学びます。特に、固体、液体、気体といった基本的な概念が説明されています。英語での科学的な話題は、語彙や表現を豊富にするための素晴らしい機会です。このビデオを通じて、話す内容が明確であるため、英語シャドーイングの練習に最適です。具体的な状況に基づく例を使うことで、実践的な英語力を向上させ、より自然な会話ができるようになります。
文法と表現の文脈
ビデオ内で使われる重要な文法構造や表現を分析してみましょう。
- 「things like this」: 具体例を示す際に使われる表現で、様々な物事を指す柔軟性があります。
- 「much」: この単語は、動詞や形容詞の比較に使われることが多く、特に「don't move much」で「あまり動かない」という意味に役立ちます。
- 「like this」: 具体的な例を挙げるときに使われ、視覚的な理解を助けるフレーズです。
- 「fall into place」: このフレーズは、物事がうまく進む、または整理されることを表現します。
これらの表現を使った文を練習することで、言語的な表現力を高めることができます。shadowspeaksのようなリソースを活用すると、さらによいでしょう。
発音の落とし穴
このビデオには、学習者が注意すべき発音のトラップがいくつかあります。
- 「matter」: この単語は、母音の発音によって異なる意味を持つ場合があります。正確に発音することが重要です。
- 「particles」: 「パーティクルズ」と聞こえますが、ストレスのかけ方によって発音が変わることがあります。
- 「definite」: この言葉は特に流暢に発音することが要求され、強いアクセントではなく滑らかさが求められます。
発音の練習は、特にshadow speechにおいて重要です。YouTubeで英語学習をする際には、こうした細かいポイントに意識を向けると効果的です。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。