シャドーイング練習: What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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You live in a world of creations.
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All of the things you see around me were created by people.
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The technology that's being used to record me and watch me were likewise created.
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And not by lone geniuses, but by whole teams, sometimes entire generations of clever designers.
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Those designers were engineers, and engineers are, when it comes right down to it, creators.
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The word engineering itself comes from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness, and ingenare, meaning to design or devise.
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And that makes sense, because you have to be clever if you're going to solve the problems that engineers face every day.
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Now, you might think of engineering as a kind of science, and that's not wrong.
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But it's more useful to think of science as a tool, a tool that engineers use, along with mathematics, to perform their unique duties.
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Throughout this course, we're going to show you just what you can accomplish through engineering.
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Math is at the core of engineering, but what's more important are the ideas and the applications.
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They help us understand how we use math to solve problems.
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So we'll be teaching you some math, but also the concepts that those equations explain in their own way.
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We'll survey what we've already achieved, explore what we're still discovering, and dream about what we hope to make possible.
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And we'll show you the ideas you can use to engineer great things.
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We want you to be inspired and as interested in engineering as we are.
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That's what this course is all about.
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I'm Dr. Shanice O'Mara, and this is Crash Course Engineering.
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Imagine you're walking through town, maybe on your way to class, or to the gym, or to a meeting for work.
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And right there, on the pavement, you come across a blob of something.
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It's fairly large and blue and jiggly.
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Pretty strange, right?
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What do you do?
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Well, you're a curious person and you know a little something about scientific inquiry, so you want to use science to study the blob.
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Maybe your background is in chemistry, so you might analyze the blob's molecular structure, or the chemical components in it, to try and figure out what the blob is made of.
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Or maybe the blob is moving, or making sounds, and you think it might be alive, So you might try to see how it responds to, say, water, or a poke with your pen.
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Maybe you even decide to remove a sample of it to learn about the blob's biology.
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You could even look at it from the perspective of physics and see how it operates in motion.
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Maybe this goo has some special properties.
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Any of these responses would be approaching the situation as a scientist.
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You're curious about the blob and want to understand it.
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That's science.
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Scientists ask questions about the nature of the universe, from our expanding knowledge of space to the tiniest particles found in the tip of your pencil.
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Your engineers want to take the answers to those questions and solve problems.
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Because in the process of designing clever things, what engineering really does is solve problems.
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And the good news is, you already know how to think like an engineer.
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You've dabbled in engineering if you've ever wondered what you can do with something.
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You've used your engineer's mind if you went outside on a snowy morning and built a snowman, after figuring out the packing properties of the snow.
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I'm not saying you should put that on your resume, but you do get a thumbs up.
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So from an engineering perspective, your response to the mysterious sidewalk blob would be a little different.
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But it may depend on what kind of engineer you are.
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Today, engineering is much broader and more varied than it used to be.
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That's because engineering originally referred specifically to military engineering.
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Military engineering involves designing and building military works, along with ways of communicating and transporting people and things.
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Think of catapults, trebuchets, and siege towers.
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These types of war machines and military structures have been found as far back as the 11th century BCE, by the Babylonians and Assyrians.
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You needed a good engineer if you wanted to storm a castle.
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So from the perspective of this field, the main problem that an engineer might want to solve is simply how to destroy the blob, or to protect yourself from it.
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The first of the modern field of engineering to emerge after military engineering was civil engineering.
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This branch had its official start around the 18th century.
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Like the name implies, civil engineering was used for civilian purposes, rather than military ones.
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It focuses on building structures of all kinds, along with highways, sanitation systems, and even entire cities.
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Under this branch of engineering, we might want to study the blob to figure out what properties it has
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that can be used to solve problems of daily civilian life.
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Like, maybe the blob's goo is better insulating material than what's currently in your house.
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Or maybe it turns out to be really elastic, or waterproof, or have some other property that could make it useful in construction, infrastructure, or urban planning.
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The 19th century led to an increasing focus on the machinery industry, which gave rise to the branch of mechanical engineering,
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which I must say, as a mechanical engineer myself, is a fine discipline.
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This branch focuses on machinery and mechanical systems from robots to engines.
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Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen, two English inventors who were credited with creating the steam engine in the early 1700s, were both mechanical engineers.
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And so was James Watt, the Scottish scientist who made their design much more efficient by recapturing steam in the engine.
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The Industrial Revolution was led by mechanical engineers like them.
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Then, electrical engineering was a natural progression once we were able to generate electricity and create electronics.
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Dating back to the 19th century, electrical engineering deals with devices and systems that can range anywhere from microchips
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and cell phones to the giant power station generators that help supply energy to big cities.
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Electrical and mechanical engineering often come together to create some pretty fantastic inventions.
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If you want a robot that can move about like we do, you're going to need a mechanical engineer to set up the skeleton of the machine.
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Then, to give it a heart of electricity, you'll need an electrical engineer to provide power to the robot with electronics.
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And if you want it to act like us, too, you'll need someone skilled in computer science.
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But engineering doesn't stop there.
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Another field was founded in the late 19th century – chemical engineering.
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These engineers have quite a wide focus, not only designing and operating chemical plants that do things like refine oil and distill alcohol, they also deal with food,
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medicine in the environment, and much more.
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They're involved not only with the preservatives and artificial flavors found in the pizza pocket you ate last night, but also with the medicine you took the next day to help your upset stomach.
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Together, civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering are often seen as the four main branches of engineering in the modern world.
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But there are many more fields that specialize even further.
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We have aerospace engineers building machines that fly in the air and space, nuclear engineers harnessing energy released from nuclear reactions,
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and biomedical engineers creating medical equipment and devices to solve clinical problems.
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The list goes on.
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And one branch that supports all of them is industrial engineering.
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Engineers in this field design and optimize the facilities, equipment, and systems that many other engineers use to create their products.
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Think of them as the support class of the engineering world.
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They provide the all-important groundwork for many of our engineering advances.
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We'll need some industrial engineers to help us with our factory
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when we start manufacturing our cool new products based on whatever this blob is made of.
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With the power of engineering at our fingertips, we've already been able to do some pretty amazing things.
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We've built spaceships that have sent people to the moon, and given Mars a few rovers, which are fantastic works of engineering themselves.
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We've made artificial hearts to pump blood through the human body, and artificial limbs to replace the ones that we've lost.
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We've designed skyscrapers that wave at the clouds and show the world just how high we can reach.
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And we've only just begun!
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In the future, it's very possible that we'll see advances like an artificial pancreas that would effectively cure type 1 diabetes,
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a new nanotechnology that will show the might of being small, and rockets that will finally send people to Mars to hang out with those rovers.
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This and much, much more could all come from engineering.
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Maybe one day you'll be the one to create something truly amazing.
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As for the blob you found on the pavement, I don't know what that thing is.
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Maybe it'll turn out to be a huge wad of used chewing gum.
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Or maybe it's a new life form.
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No matter what, it won't be the first or last mysterious object you'll encounter as a student of engineering.
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The world is full of strange things with great potential for solving problems.
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When you use your engineering mind, everything suddenly seems both perplexing and exciting.
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So, over the next 40-odd weeks, we'll show you how to build things, design things, we'll show you how to solve problems.
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We want you to be able to make things better and figure out what's next for the world, because we all live in a world of creation, and we want you to be a creator.
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Next time, we'll continue our journey by diving deeper into civil engineering.
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We'll learn more about its history and the types of work that civil engineers do, getting you one step closer to being an engineering master of the universe.
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Thanks for watching, and I'll see you then.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が106文、単語が1673語あります。 音声の長さは9:29です。 話す速さは1分あたり約176語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| solve 動詞 | /sɒlv/ | 解決する |
| artificial 形容詞 | /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ | 人工の |
| mathematics 名詞 | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | 数学 |
| robot 名詞 | /ˈɹoʊ.bɑt/ | ロボット, 人造人間 |
| clever 形容詞 | /ˈklɛv.ɚ/ | 巧い |
| scientist 名詞 | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | 科学者 |
| curious 形容詞 | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | 好奇心の強い, 知りたがる |
| designer 名詞 | /dɪˈzaɪnɚ/ | デザイナー, 設計士 |
| civilian 名詞 | /sɪˈvɪl.jən/ | 文民, 民間人 |
| creator 名詞 | /kɹiːˈeɪ̯təː/ | 造物主, 作り主 |
| electronics 名詞 | /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/ | 電子工学, エレクトロニクス |
| mysterious 形容詞 | /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/ | 神秘的な, ミステリアスな |
| pocket 名詞 | /ˈpɑ.kɪt/ | ポケット, 懐中 |
| cloud 名詞 | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | 雲, 雲霞 |
| infrastructure 名詞 | /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ | インフラストラクチャ, インフラ |
注意したい発音
話し手はwe'll, we've, you'reなど、短縮形や弱形を38回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, thumb /ˈθʌm/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: mechanical /məˈkænəkəl/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。solve, artificial, mathematicsなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | were created · be inspired · is made |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | we've already achieved · You've dabbled · have been found |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。