シャドーイング練習: What is Personality? - Personality Psychology - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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hey my name is Theodore this is practical psychology and my mission is to help you improve yourself by learning how your brain works so if I accomplish that go ahead and leave a like and if I don't leave a comment so that I might be
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able to improve these videos hope you enjoyed this video have you ever taken a personality quiz the results might tell you that you're the center of attention or maybe something like you're an ENTJ people describe personalities in
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different ways and scientists still have a lot of questions about how our personalities actually influence our actions and that make us who we are if you've ever been curious about what this word personality really means we'll get
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comfortable in this series we're gonna be talking about personality so first off what is personality now there are a ton of ways to define personality in fact top personality psychologists Feist and Feist says this although no single
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definition is acceptable to all personality theorists we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics I give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior
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so let's zoom in and focus on one word here traits you need to know this word in and out when it comes to personality psychology it's the center traits are a unique characteristics that influence our behavior these characteristics
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typically set us apart from other people for example you might describe yourself as a respectful person or a genuine person these are two examples of personality traits before we talk about the big five personality traits it's
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important to remember that traits influence our behavior they don't dictate it when you are a respectful person you have a tendency to be respectful to other people around you but you might act outside of these
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traits due to well really anything you might have a sick day a bad history with someone or even nervousness may cause you to act out of character now this is one of the reasons why traits are usually measured on a scale so let's
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move on to how personality works we display traits through something called psychological mechanisms you need to remember this term too because it comes up almost as often as traits does psychological mechanisms are like traits
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except that they are the processes of personality now a process has three parts the input the rules the decision rules in the middle and then the output our traits determine the output and sometimes they even determine what type
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of input that we encounter let's say you're a courageous person the input is a dangerous situation so you have rules in right decision rules these rules are based on your traits and they make
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decisions on how you act so the output if you're a courageous person is to face danger now if you're not a courageous person the output will be you fleeing the scene so let's go over these two again traits are characteristics and are
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the individual words that we use to describe people mechanisms are the processes that people follow based on these traits so I want to talk a little bit about the three levels of personality analysis so how do
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psychologists measure personality well for the answer we look to cluck Allah and Murray in 1953 they published personality and nature society and culture in the book they say that every man is in certain respects like all
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other men like some other men and like no other man so think about it there are universal traits and mechanisms that make humans unique to other species like for example think of Maslow's hierarchy of needs we all belong to one big group
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the human race but within our species we separate ourselves in other groups we might call ourselves introverts Americans messy people go-getters these smaller groups share personality traits at the most specific level we all have
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things that make us unique maybe you have a special talent or a strange behavior that confuses your friends habits routines and emotional connections to people are all types of things that make us different from the
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person next to us so here's three examples of ways that you're like all other humans you have a need to belong you want a feeling of purpose all humans want this and you might tear up if I smack your nose that's actually called
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the NASA ciliary nerve reflex now here's some examples of ways that you're like some other humans you might be introverted you might be really good at doing your taxes and maybe you wince whenever you watch someone give themselves a paper cut and lastly you're like no other humans maybe you
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absolutely love doing your taxes maybe you plan your days and you set very specific goals that nobody else on this planet does and you might cry if I show you an image of your deceased family member that's something that might
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happen to you but doesn't happen to anyone else so these similarities and differences don't just give us a group to belong to they're the cornerstone of predicting behavior so as you can see a lot of
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personality is understanding the similarities and the differences of different people and how they act so let's move on to where does personality come from you might hear your family members tell you that you have a similar
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analogy to your mother or to your father now does this mean our personality is inherited do we get it from our family how do we adopt the personality traits that make us like all other people like some other people and like no other
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people well there are a ton of different explanations that explain this or attempt to explain this genetics is one but environment the experiences you have biology and trends going on in your culture may also explain where you get
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your personality traits one interesting thought is that we co-create our personalities and the personalities of the people were you interact with so they're all changing now here are some common personality theories and I'm gonna be going in depth in the future videos so if you haven't already and you
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already like this style of video go ahead and click the subscribe button number one is trait theory then behavioral theory then humanistic theory then biological theory and psychoanalytic theory which is basically
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from Freud now not all personality traits are positive but we usually prefer to talk about positive personality traits we tend to reward people that show positive personality traits maybe like being respectful or
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genuine now if someone is kind we usually reward that type of behavior by being kind back right now already you might find some arguments against this idea not everyone characterizes the same
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traits to be positive or negative someone may think that respectfulness is a top-tier personality trait that you need to have in culture to succeed someone else who has a lot of distrust and authority or if the so called system
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they might view respectfulness as a negative personality trait so how do people form their personalities when they're both rewarded and chastised for the same trait in different situations well these are some of the questions
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that psychologists are trying to answer so at this point you might be thinking why is personality psychology important well there are tons of other questions that can only be answered with research and the study of personality psychology
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and I'm going to go over a few of the big ones the first one is freedom versus determinism so this is basically asking do we really choose our behavior and if we wanted to change as humans could we actually change or are we determined to
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become a specific type of person question number two is hereditary versus environment so in reality where do our personality traits actually come from nature or nurture number three is unique or universal some
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psychologists say humans are very unique while others agree that we're pretty fairly universally the same so what are we lastly is proactive versus reactive now as humans do we act on our own initiative or do we simply
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respond to stimuli so as we continue to move forward in this video you should know why our personality psychologist so determined why is it so important to answer these types of questions well they can use it to predict your future
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behavior if you had the ability to predict who is on track to becoming a criminal wouldn't you want to steer them in a different path and maybe even save someone's life from a life in prison look at Ted Bundy's personality psychologists generally agree that he had a classic sociopathic personality
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well where did it come from well some people say that he started forming a sociopathic personality when he was rejected by the love of his life at a young age others believe his failure to become a lawyer sparked these
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personality traits and other psychologists traced the root of his personality to the shame of never knowing his real birth parents well we do know that his sociopathic behaviors did start early and some argue his
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killings could have been statistically predicted how crazy is that predict that someone would kill someone else he was a pyromaniac and he had tortured animals as a child some psychologists point to his early bedwetting as a sign that he
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was on track to becoming sociopaths in fact these three traits form the sociopathic personality number one being amused and playing with fire which would be like a pyromaniac number two bedwetting when you're a child and
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number three torturing animals we don't really know why this happens but it seems to happen throughout time and because of that we can use it to predict sociopathic personalities now being adopted or wetting the bed obviously
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doesn't mean that you were born to become a sociopath but these theories and discoveries are the first steps in determining how we actually form our personalities and how those personalities influence our behavior if
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psychologists can get a good idea of a map that leads us to certain behaviors then maybe we can redraw that map and develop a co-creation process that influences more positive personality traits and less sociopathic ones the
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psychology of personality isn't just important for determining the future of humans scientists in fact and artificial intelligence look at massive amounts of data relating to personality traits and their behaviors artificial intelligence
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can help us in our efforts to predict future behavior from specific personalities and possibly prevent bad things from happening since analyzing personality data involves looking at massive amounts of information you know
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the history of people what they're like recognizing traits organizing traits what artificial intelligence is really good at organizing and looking at massive amounts of data now right now data
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currently just shows correlations between different levels of personality traits and future behaviors or classifications for example there's a correlation between conscientiousness and good grades in school there's also a
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correlation that exists between extroverts and car accidents now personality psychologists say that this could be due to extroverts need for constant stimulation the data also links low agreeableness to competitive
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behaviors so if you want to be an entrepreneur you probably want to have a little bit lower agreeableness also high neuroticism may predict the presence of a mental illness in fact high neuroticism is very closely linked to
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mental illnesses now this list of examples goes on and on but this data still isn't perfect yet and I'll talk about all kinds of predictions you can make from your results of a personality test in future videos so again hit that
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subscribe button and that bell icon if you haven't already psychologists use a lot of different sources to collect this type of data they use studies surveys crime data and all kinds of other sources of information and I'm going to
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attempt to explain all of this to you in an easy-to-understand format in the rest of the series the results from data and studies of personality can help improve humankind there's no doubt about that but what have we actually collected so
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far as I in this video I want to let you know about something called the unifying theory of personality so far you've heard a lot of names and theories mentioned in this video well you might be wondering who can we look to for the
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end-all-be-all theories of how we actually develop personality traits and how we use them to make decisions well it doesn't work like that yet we have grand unifying theories that explain a lot of our questions for example the
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theory of evolution by natural selection is a grand unifying theory in the world of biology we're still looking for a theory like that in personality psychology think of a grand unifying theory of personality like a bunch of
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blind men trying to feel an elephant one man walks up to the elephant from the front and it feels its long nose this blind man says the elephant is much like a snake another man walks up to the elephant from the side he says the
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elephant is very much like a large cow because that's what he can feel the last blind man walks up to the elephant and feels his ear he says much like a land-dwelling stingray this is now each man is only touching one part of the
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elephant so they don't fully understand what a whole elephant looks like similarly the theories that we use to describe personality are much like this they only touch a specific part of our personality an elephant is a combination
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of a large round body a long snake-like nose and big floppy ears personality is likely made up of biological behavioral and cognitive aspects so you should know that we do have a grasp on different elements of personality psychology and
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again in this series I'll take you through the elements of trait theory behavioral theory humanistic theory biological theory and the infamous psycho analytical theory right now we believe that those theories may play a part in the grand unifying theory of psychology but there's still a lot of
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research to be done and lastly in this video I want to talk about the Big Five personality traits so traits psychologists have been trying to create a concise list of personality traits that can be used to describe the basics
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of anyone's personality after coming up with lists of thousands of words and then 16 words and then three well top psychologists have settled on a happy medium five traits you should keep these big five traits in mind as you start to
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evaluate your own personality many people use an acronym to remember the Big Five ocean or canoe the big five personality traits are openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness and neuroticism and I'll
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explain one of these in depth in another video each of these traits has a polar opposite the opposite of extraversion is introversion a trait psychologists believe that we all lie somewhere along a scale between each of these big five traits and its opposite so example
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you're not an introvert and you're not an extrovert but maybe you're 25% extraversion and 75% introversion now here's a little bit of my own thoughts there's not very much research on this but I think one of the main things in self-improvement is learning to push the boundaries of your personality so you
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might be a point-seven introverted well over time as you improve yourself you can extend your range from 0.5 to 0.9 and depending on your situation you can change you can become a chameleon and push your boundaries so as I in this
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video I want to let you know that this research is really exciting I had a ton of fun going through all these text books and learning all this type of stuff imagine what could really happen if we fully understood self-esteem or
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trust or even leadership traits if you want to watch the rest of the videos in this series to learn how predictable that you really are and if you can actually change your personality or if your future is set in stone if you
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enjoyed this video feel free to watch some of the other videos in this personality series and if you want to learn more about your own personality check out my free three-in-one personality quiz in the description below it basically combines three of the major personality quizzes
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into one quiz that you can take in under 10 minutes it also predicts some things about you like your political stances your relationship style your health anyways the link is in the description below if you're interested in that and I
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just wanted to thank you guys for watching this was a longer video than normal and I hope you have a great day
コンテキストと背景
この動画のスピーカーはセオドアという名前の心理学者で、自身のミッションは、人々が自分自身を改善する手助けをすることです。彼は脳の働きを学ぶことが、自己改善につながると考えています。彼のアプローチは、パーソナリティ心理学に焦点を当てており、性格が私たちの行動に与える影響についてのさまざまな疑問を提起しています。このトピックは、個人の特性や行動にどのように関連しているのかを深く探求しています。
日常コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ
- "Have you ever taken a personality quiz?" (パーソナリティクイズを受けたことはありますか？)
- "Our traits determine the output." (私たちの特性が結果を決定します。)
- "These are examples of personality traits." (これらは性格特性の例です。)
- "Do we really choose our behavior?" (本当に自分の行動を選択しているのでしょうか？)
- "How do psychologists measure personality?" (心理学者はどうやって性格を測定するのでしょうか？)
ステップバイステップ シャドーイングガイド
この動画の内容は、一部の英語学習者には難しい場合がありますが、効果的なシャドーイングで、英語の発音を良くすることができます。以下の手順に従って、shadowing siteやshadowspeaksを活用しつつ、動画の内容を理解しましょう。
- 準備：動画を再生する前に、全体の内容を把握するために軽く目を通します。
- 聴く：まずは音声のみを聴き、スピーカーのトーンやリズムに注意を払います。
- 繰り返す：聞こえたフレーズをすぐに繰り返してみます。自分の声を録音して、発音をチェックすることもおすすめです。
- 繰り返し練習：特に難しいフレーズに集中して、何度も声に出して言います。
- フィードバック：録音した自分の声を聞き、自分の発音やイントネーションを改善するためのポイントを見つけます。
このプロセスを通じて、自然な発音を身につけ、コミュニケーション能力を向上させることができるでしょう。IELTS スピーキング対策にも効果的ですので、ぜひ実践してみてください。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。