シャドーイング練習: How Culture affects your Personality - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
練習モードを選ぶ
各モードは全画面の練習ルームで開きます。
93 文
文が短すぎたり長すぎる場合は、Editをタップして調整してください。
1
Personality is more than just genes.
2
A large part of who we are and the decisions
3
that we make are influenced by the culture that we grew up in.
4
So where does this influence start?
5
Think all the way back to when you learned manners.
6
You were probably scolded for engaging in behavior that was considered rude in your culture.
7
Conversely, you were probably encouraged to engage in behaviors that are considered to be polite.
8
Now, as you were conditioned to engage in more polite behaviors, you subconsciously picked up on patterns that influenced how you behave.
9
These patterns are highly influenced by the values of the culture that you grew up in.
10
But, not all cultures hold the same values.
11
Some cultures tend to encourage behaviors that are loud, boisterous, and competitive.
12
Others encourage quiet, respectful, and more humble behaviors.
13
Depending on the culture where you live, you probably pick up on these values, and they have definitely influenced your decisions and your personality.
14
Researchers have been studying the connections between culture and personality for a long time, and in this video, I'm going to attempt to explain two spectrums that researchers have created to define cultures.
15
The cultures place on these spectrums highly influences the personality traits and the behaviors of the people within that culture.
16
So culture is not determined by borders.
17
As you'll see throughout the rest of this video, people learn lessons from cultures that are created from people within a certain country, occupation, class, gender identity, or other differences.
18
For example, just because the country you live in has an individualist culture does not mean you are bound by individualist ideas.
19
So keep this in mind throughout the rest of the video.
20
Let's get started by talking about individual versus collectivist culture.
21
Individualism focuses on the individual, just as the name implies.
22
People living in an individualist environment prioritize self-improvement of themselves
23
and satisfying their own needs before the rest of those of their community.
24
Why?
25
Well, individualist cultures believe and teach that if everyone takes care of themselves, then the entire group should thrive and then become self-sufficient.
26
Individualist cultures put a lot of stress on independence and self-reliance.
27
Those that live in this type of culture tend to be very self-sufficient and driven workers, but are weaker whenever it comes to collaboration and teamwork.
28
They usually struggle handing off responsibility.
29
Now in general, these people usually distance themselves psychologically and emotionally from one another, since working with others is more of an option than a requirement for success.
30
In the media, we often see individualist characteristics associated with men, people in urban settings, and the western culture.
31
So what about collectivist cultures?
32
People living in a collectivist environment are taught to focus on
33
the needs of the group before they focus on their own individual needs.
34
They associate their identity to the role and function in a larger group.
35
These groups can include families, teams at work, or the entire nation.
36
Collectivist societies teach people that everyone will benefit when they start to look out for one another.
37
Harmony and interdependence between group members is highly valued among people in this type of environment.
38
Now, unlike their individualist counterparts, members of collectivist cultures tend to be extremely close to each other psychologically and emotionally.
39
Now, this can create an us versus them mindset that separates or looks down upon people that are outside of their group.
40
Collectivist characteristics are generally associated with women, people in rural settings, and eastern culture.
41
So let's look at another spectrum.
42
Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?
43
This idea was coined in 1935 to help psychologists identify what makes some conflicts easy to resolve and others difficult to resolve.
44
Where you lie on this spectrum can highly influence how you make decisions.
45
So what is approach vs avoidance?
46
Humans typically want to approach and move towards pleasurable things, and they typically want to avoid and move away from negative or painful things.
47
It's very similar to Freud's pleasure-pain principle.
48
The idea of approach vs avoidance was measured when an experiment was conducted on rats in 1948.
49
The rats were exposed to different positive and negative stimuli.
50
then measure the strength of their pull towards the stimuli.
51
The most interesting results from this experiment reveal
52
that the closer the rats were to the item that they were either approaching or avoiding, the stronger their pull was in either direction.
53
Now this can be applied to humans and how they make their decisions and categorize conflict.
54
But what does it have to do with the culture where you grew up with?
55
Cause that's kinda the topic of this video, right?
56
The culture helps to teach you at a young age what to approach and what to avoid.
57
Culture doesn't teach you to avoid physical pain and approach food.
58
Those things are instinctual to all humans.
59
The things we learn to approach and avoid through culture appeal to a higher need.
60
One example of this is something called uncertainty avoidance.
61
The uncertainty avoidance of a culture is a measure of how that culture responds to novelty and uncertainty.
62
How does a culture deal with ambiguity?
63
Are changes welcome in the nation?
64
Or does the culture approach stable, traditional rules and customs?
65
Now in some research I've found that countries who generally score high in neuroticism tend to be high in uncertainty avoidance.
66
Most countries usually have a more formal system of rules that try to minimize cultural or situational ambiguity.
67
And the citizens are uninterested in changing them.
68
These cultures tend to be more conservative, more emotional, and usually xenophobic.
69
Families in these cultures tend to have more traditional gender roles too.
70
Schools have more structured learning, and children are taught to trust
71
that their Teachers have all of the answers children are also taught that the outside world may be a hostile place
72
Religions associated with the uncertainty avoidance include Catholicism Islam Judaism and Shinto ism
73
Conversely countries low in neuroticism and low
74
and uncertainty avoidance tend to have fewer laws and regulations
75
And their citizens are much more interested in politics These cultures are often more open to change
76
and more tolerant of diversity and people within these cultures tend to suppress their emotions more.
77
Families in these cultures usually have looser gender roles and their schools have a more open-minded learning.
78
As a generality, teachers are allowed to say that they don't know and students are encouraged to question authority.
79
Children are also taught that the outside world is benevolent and that they should not persecute others based on their beliefs.
80
Religions associated with low uncertainty avoidance include Protestantism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism.
81
So where do you fit in?
82
Uncertainty avoidance is just one concept that is influenced by a culture's personality
83
and how it influences the decisions and behaviors of the people within that culture.
84
What were you taught to avoid?
85
What were you taught to approach?
86
And how does the culture where you grew up in influence what you consider to be comfortable and uncomfortable?
87
I hope you guys enjoyed this video and if you did, feel free to watch some of the other videos in this personality series.
88
And if you want to learn more about your own personality, check out my free 3-in-1 personality quiz in the description below.
89
What it does is it combines three of the major personality
90
quizzes into just one test you can take in under 10 minutes.
91
And at the end of it, I'm gonna try to predict some things about you, like your political stances, your relationship style, and also your health.
92
I put a lot of work into it, so I hope you guys enjoy it.
93
Thanks for watching, and I hope to see you in the next video.
アプリをダウンロード
流暢に話すために必要なすべて
AI発音採点文ごとに採点
IPA練習すべての音をマスター
単語学習自分の単語帳を作る
単語ゲーム遊びながら覚える
同じチャンネル
FOR YOU
おすすめ動画
C12
539 文
How to Talk About Personality in English | Deep English Conversation & Shadowing Practice | B1–C1
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
54 文
Who decides what is socially “normal”? | Christine Emba
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
55 文
Your genes affect your education. Here’s why that’s controversial. | Kathryn Paige Harden
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B210
20 文
Global Success 12: Unit 2 - The effects of globalisation on cultural diversity
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C115
65 文
How Your Childhood Influence The Way You Express Love (love styles)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
386 文
All of Human Psychology Explained in 20 Minutes
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B25
170 文
How Understanding Culture Will Transform Your English & Life | English Listening Practice
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
583 文
Game Theory #1: The Dating Game
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
156 文
No one has personality anymore
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
91 文
7 Signs You Might Be Less Intelligent Than You Think
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C110
93 文
Some brains are built for philosophy. Is yours?
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
200 文
The Psychology of People Who Always Listen to Sad Music
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How Culture affects your Personality」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：culture, avoidance, personality, approach, uncertainty。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が93文、単語が1311語あります。 音声の長さは6:22です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約206語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。 全93文のうち14文が疑問文なので、疑問文のイントネーションや短い受け答えの練習に向いています。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| avoidance 名詞 | /əˈvɔɪdəns/ | 回避 |
| rat 名詞 | /ɹæt/ | 鼠, ネズミ |
| stimulus 名詞 | /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/ | 刺激 |
| quiz 名詞 | /kwɪz/ | クイズ |
| researcher 名詞 | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | 研究員, 研究者 |
| polite 形容詞 | /pəˈlaɪt/ | 丁寧, 礼儀正しい |
| characteristic 名詞 | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | 特性, 特徴 |
| resolve 動詞 | /ɹɪˈzɑlv/ | 解く, 分解する |
| benevolent 形容詞 | /bəˈnɛvələnt/ | 優しい |
| boisterous 形容詞 | /ˈbɔɪstəɹəs/ | 騒々しい, 喧しい |
| categorize 動詞 | /ˈkætɪɡəˌɹaɪz/ | 分類する |
| individualism 名詞 | /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪ.dʒu.əˌlɪ.zəm/ | 個人主義 |
| persecute 動詞 | /ˈpɝsəkjut/ | 迫害する |
| pleasurable 形容詞 | /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/ | 楽しい, 愉快 |
| prioritize 動詞 | /pɹaɪˈɒɹ.ə.taɪz/ | 優先させる |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| check out 動詞 | 試験する, 検査する |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?
- What were you taught to avoid?
- What were you taught to approach?
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | are influenced · were probably scolded · were probably encouraged |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have definitely influenced · have created · I've found |
注意したい発音
話し手はI'm, doesn't, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を8回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, occupation /ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, ambiguity /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, generality /ˌd͡ʒɛn.əˈɹæl.ɪ.ti/, pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, tolerant /ˈtɑːləɹənt/, respectful /ɹɪˈspɛkt.fl̩/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: avoidance /əˈvɔɪdəns/, collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, conversely /kənˈvɝsli/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, benevolent /bəˈnɛvələnt/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: xenophobic /ˌzi.nəˈfoʊ.bɪk/, respectful /ɹɪˈspɛkt.fl̩/, satisfy /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/, uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。avoidance, rat, stimulusなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。