Prática de Shadowing: How Culture affects your Personality - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Personality is more than just genes.
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A large part of who we are and the decisions
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that we make are influenced by the culture that we grew up in.
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So where does this influence start?
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Think all the way back to when you learned manners.
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You were probably scolded for engaging in behavior that was considered rude in your culture.
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Conversely, you were probably encouraged to engage in behaviors that are considered to be polite.
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Now, as you were conditioned to engage in more polite behaviors, you subconsciously picked up on patterns that influenced how you behave.
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These patterns are highly influenced by the values of the culture that you grew up in.
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But, not all cultures hold the same values.
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Some cultures tend to encourage behaviors that are loud, boisterous, and competitive.
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Others encourage quiet, respectful, and more humble behaviors.
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Depending on the culture where you live, you probably pick up on these values, and they have definitely influenced your decisions and your personality.
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Researchers have been studying the connections between culture and personality for a long time, and in this video, I'm going to attempt to explain two spectrums that researchers have created to define cultures.
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The cultures place on these spectrums highly influences the personality traits and the behaviors of the people within that culture.
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So culture is not determined by borders.
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As you'll see throughout the rest of this video, people learn lessons from cultures that are created from people within a certain country, occupation, class, gender identity, or other differences.
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For example, just because the country you live in has an individualist culture does not mean you are bound by individualist ideas.
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So keep this in mind throughout the rest of the video.
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Let's get started by talking about individual versus collectivist culture.
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Individualism focuses on the individual, just as the name implies.
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People living in an individualist environment prioritize self-improvement of themselves
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and satisfying their own needs before the rest of those of their community.
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Why?
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Well, individualist cultures believe and teach that if everyone takes care of themselves, then the entire group should thrive and then become self-sufficient.
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Individualist cultures put a lot of stress on independence and self-reliance.
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Those that live in this type of culture tend to be very self-sufficient and driven workers, but are weaker whenever it comes to collaboration and teamwork.
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They usually struggle handing off responsibility.
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Now in general, these people usually distance themselves psychologically and emotionally from one another, since working with others is more of an option than a requirement for success.
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In the media, we often see individualist characteristics associated with men, people in urban settings, and the western culture.
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So what about collectivist cultures?
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People living in a collectivist environment are taught to focus on
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the needs of the group before they focus on their own individual needs.
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They associate their identity to the role and function in a larger group.
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These groups can include families, teams at work, or the entire nation.
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Collectivist societies teach people that everyone will benefit when they start to look out for one another.
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Harmony and interdependence between group members is highly valued among people in this type of environment.
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Now, unlike their individualist counterparts, members of collectivist cultures tend to be extremely close to each other psychologically and emotionally.
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Now, this can create an us versus them mindset that separates or looks down upon people that are outside of their group.
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Collectivist characteristics are generally associated with women, people in rural settings, and eastern culture.
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So let's look at another spectrum.
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Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?
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This idea was coined in 1935 to help psychologists identify what makes some conflicts easy to resolve and others difficult to resolve.
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Where you lie on this spectrum can highly influence how you make decisions.
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So what is approach vs avoidance?
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Humans typically want to approach and move towards pleasurable things, and they typically want to avoid and move away from negative or painful things.
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It's very similar to Freud's pleasure-pain principle.
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The idea of approach vs avoidance was measured when an experiment was conducted on rats in 1948.
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The rats were exposed to different positive and negative stimuli.
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then measure the strength of their pull towards the stimuli.
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The most interesting results from this experiment reveal
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that the closer the rats were to the item that they were either approaching or avoiding, the stronger their pull was in either direction.
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Now this can be applied to humans and how they make their decisions and categorize conflict.
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But what does it have to do with the culture where you grew up with?
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Cause that's kinda the topic of this video, right?
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The culture helps to teach you at a young age what to approach and what to avoid.
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Culture doesn't teach you to avoid physical pain and approach food.
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Those things are instinctual to all humans.
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The things we learn to approach and avoid through culture appeal to a higher need.
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One example of this is something called uncertainty avoidance.
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The uncertainty avoidance of a culture is a measure of how that culture responds to novelty and uncertainty.
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How does a culture deal with ambiguity?
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Are changes welcome in the nation?
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Or does the culture approach stable, traditional rules and customs?
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Now in some research I've found that countries who generally score high in neuroticism tend to be high in uncertainty avoidance.
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Most countries usually have a more formal system of rules that try to minimize cultural or situational ambiguity.
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And the citizens are uninterested in changing them.
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These cultures tend to be more conservative, more emotional, and usually xenophobic.
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Families in these cultures tend to have more traditional gender roles too.
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Schools have more structured learning, and children are taught to trust
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that their Teachers have all of the answers children are also taught that the outside world may be a hostile place
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Religions associated with the uncertainty avoidance include Catholicism Islam Judaism and Shinto ism
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Conversely countries low in neuroticism and low
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and uncertainty avoidance tend to have fewer laws and regulations
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And their citizens are much more interested in politics These cultures are often more open to change
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and more tolerant of diversity and people within these cultures tend to suppress their emotions more.
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Families in these cultures usually have looser gender roles and their schools have a more open-minded learning.
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As a generality, teachers are allowed to say that they don't know and students are encouraged to question authority.
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Children are also taught that the outside world is benevolent and that they should not persecute others based on their beliefs.
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Religions associated with low uncertainty avoidance include Protestantism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism.
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So where do you fit in?
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Uncertainty avoidance is just one concept that is influenced by a culture's personality
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and how it influences the decisions and behaviors of the people within that culture.
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What were you taught to avoid?
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What were you taught to approach?
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And how does the culture where you grew up in influence what you consider to be comfortable and uncomfortable?
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I hope you guys enjoyed this video and if you did, feel free to watch some of the other videos in this personality series.
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And if you want to learn more about your own personality, check out my free 3-in-1 personality quiz in the description below.
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What it does is it combines three of the major personality
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quizzes into just one test you can take in under 10 minutes.
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And at the end of it, I'm gonna try to predict some things about you, like your political stances, your relationship style, and also your health.
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I put a lot of work into it, so I hope you guys enjoy it.
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Thanks for watching, and I hope to see you in the next video.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível B2 usa o vídeo “How Culture affects your Personality”. As palavras que mais se repetem: culture, avoidance, personality, approach, uncertainty. Este vídeo tem 93 frases e 1311 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:22. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 206 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 83% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar. 14 das 93 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| avoidance substantivo | /əˈvɔɪdəns/ | evasão, evitação |
| uncertainty substantivo | /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ | incerteza |
| individualist substantivo | individualista | |
| collectivist adjetivo | /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/ | coletivista |
| rat substantivo | /ɹæt/ | ratazana, rato |
| ambiguity substantivo | /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/ | ambiguidade |
| psychologically advérbio | psicologicamente | |
| stimulus substantivo | /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/ | estímulo |
| quiz substantivo | /kwɪz/ | quiz |
| researcher substantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | pesquisador, pesquisadora |
| polite adjetivo | /pəˈlaɪt/ | educado, polido |
| characteristic substantivo | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | característica, caraterística |
| emotionally advérbio | /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/ | emocionalmente |
| resolve verbo | /ɹɪˈzɑlv/ | resolver, decidir |
| benevolent adjetivo | /bəˈnɛvələnt/ | benevolente |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só |
| hand off verbo | passar, transferir |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?
- What were you taught to avoid?
- What were you taught to approach?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are influenced · were probably scolded · were probably encouraged |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have definitely influenced · have created · I've found |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 8 contrações e formas reduzidas, como I'm, doesn't, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, occupation /ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, ambiguity /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, rat /ɹæt/, polite /pəˈlaɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, benevolent /bəˈnɛvələnt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: instinctual /ɪnˈstɪŋk.t͡ʃuː.əl/, pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: behave /bɪˈheɪv/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/, harmony /ˈhɑ̟ɹ.mə.ni/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como avoidance, uncertainty, individualist.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.