跟读练习: How Culture affects your Personality - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Personality is more than just genes.
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A large part of who we are and the decisions
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that we make are influenced by the culture that we grew up in.
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So where does this influence start?
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Think all the way back to when you learned manners.
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You were probably scolded for engaging in behavior that was considered rude in your culture.
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Conversely, you were probably encouraged to engage in behaviors that are considered to be polite.
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Now, as you were conditioned to engage in more polite behaviors, you subconsciously picked up on patterns that influenced how you behave.
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These patterns are highly influenced by the values of the culture that you grew up in.
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But, not all cultures hold the same values.
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Some cultures tend to encourage behaviors that are loud, boisterous, and competitive.
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Others encourage quiet, respectful, and more humble behaviors.
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Depending on the culture where you live, you probably pick up on these values, and they have definitely influenced your decisions and your personality.
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Researchers have been studying the connections between culture and personality for a long time, and in this video, I'm going to attempt to explain two spectrums that researchers have created to define cultures.
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The cultures place on these spectrums highly influences the personality traits and the behaviors of the people within that culture.
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So culture is not determined by borders.
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As you'll see throughout the rest of this video, people learn lessons from cultures that are created from people within a certain country, occupation, class, gender identity, or other differences.
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For example, just because the country you live in has an individualist culture does not mean you are bound by individualist ideas.
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So keep this in mind throughout the rest of the video.
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Let's get started by talking about individual versus collectivist culture.
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Individualism focuses on the individual, just as the name implies.
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People living in an individualist environment prioritize self-improvement of themselves
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and satisfying their own needs before the rest of those of their community.
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Why?
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Well, individualist cultures believe and teach that if everyone takes care of themselves, then the entire group should thrive and then become self-sufficient.
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Individualist cultures put a lot of stress on independence and self-reliance.
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Those that live in this type of culture tend to be very self-sufficient and driven workers, but are weaker whenever it comes to collaboration and teamwork.
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They usually struggle handing off responsibility.
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Now in general, these people usually distance themselves psychologically and emotionally from one another, since working with others is more of an option than a requirement for success.
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In the media, we often see individualist characteristics associated with men, people in urban settings, and the western culture.
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So what about collectivist cultures?
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People living in a collectivist environment are taught to focus on
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the needs of the group before they focus on their own individual needs.
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They associate their identity to the role and function in a larger group.
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These groups can include families, teams at work, or the entire nation.
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Collectivist societies teach people that everyone will benefit when they start to look out for one another.
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Harmony and interdependence between group members is highly valued among people in this type of environment.
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Now, unlike their individualist counterparts, members of collectivist cultures tend to be extremely close to each other psychologically and emotionally.
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Now, this can create an us versus them mindset that separates or looks down upon people that are outside of their group.
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Collectivist characteristics are generally associated with women, people in rural settings, and eastern culture.
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So let's look at another spectrum.
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Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?
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This idea was coined in 1935 to help psychologists identify what makes some conflicts easy to resolve and others difficult to resolve.
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Where you lie on this spectrum can highly influence how you make decisions.
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So what is approach vs avoidance?
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Humans typically want to approach and move towards pleasurable things, and they typically want to avoid and move away from negative or painful things.
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It's very similar to Freud's pleasure-pain principle.
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The idea of approach vs avoidance was measured when an experiment was conducted on rats in 1948.
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The rats were exposed to different positive and negative stimuli.
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then measure the strength of their pull towards the stimuli.
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The most interesting results from this experiment reveal
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that the closer the rats were to the item that they were either approaching or avoiding, the stronger their pull was in either direction.
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Now this can be applied to humans and how they make their decisions and categorize conflict.
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But what does it have to do with the culture where you grew up with?
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Cause that's kinda the topic of this video, right?
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The culture helps to teach you at a young age what to approach and what to avoid.
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Culture doesn't teach you to avoid physical pain and approach food.
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Those things are instinctual to all humans.
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The things we learn to approach and avoid through culture appeal to a higher need.
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One example of this is something called uncertainty avoidance.
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The uncertainty avoidance of a culture is a measure of how that culture responds to novelty and uncertainty.
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How does a culture deal with ambiguity?
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Are changes welcome in the nation?
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Or does the culture approach stable, traditional rules and customs?
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Now in some research I've found that countries who generally score high in neuroticism tend to be high in uncertainty avoidance.
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Most countries usually have a more formal system of rules that try to minimize cultural or situational ambiguity.
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And the citizens are uninterested in changing them.
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These cultures tend to be more conservative, more emotional, and usually xenophobic.
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Families in these cultures tend to have more traditional gender roles too.
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Schools have more structured learning, and children are taught to trust
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that their Teachers have all of the answers children are also taught that the outside world may be a hostile place
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Religions associated with the uncertainty avoidance include Catholicism Islam Judaism and Shinto ism
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Conversely countries low in neuroticism and low
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and uncertainty avoidance tend to have fewer laws and regulations
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And their citizens are much more interested in politics These cultures are often more open to change
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and more tolerant of diversity and people within these cultures tend to suppress their emotions more.
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Families in these cultures usually have looser gender roles and their schools have a more open-minded learning.
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As a generality, teachers are allowed to say that they don't know and students are encouraged to question authority.
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Children are also taught that the outside world is benevolent and that they should not persecute others based on their beliefs.
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Religions associated with low uncertainty avoidance include Protestantism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism.
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So where do you fit in?
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Uncertainty avoidance is just one concept that is influenced by a culture's personality
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and how it influences the decisions and behaviors of the people within that culture.
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What were you taught to avoid?
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What were you taught to approach?
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And how does the culture where you grew up in influence what you consider to be comfortable and uncomfortable?
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I hope you guys enjoyed this video and if you did, feel free to watch some of the other videos in this personality series.
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And if you want to learn more about your own personality, check out my free 3-in-1 personality quiz in the description below.
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What it does is it combines three of the major personality
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quizzes into just one test you can take in under 10 minutes.
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And at the end of it, I'm gonna try to predict some things about you, like your political stances, your relationship style, and also your health.
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I put a lot of work into it, so I hope you guys enjoy it.
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Thanks for watching, and I hope to see you in the next video.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节 B2 级别的口语课以视频“How Culture affects your Personality”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：culture, avoidance, personality, approach, uncertainty。 这段视频共有 93 个句子、1311 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 6:22。 说话人语速较快，每分钟约 206 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。 83% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。 全部 93 个句子中有 14 个是问句，适合练习疑问语调和简短回答。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| uncertainty 名词 | /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ | 不确定性 |
| individualist 名词 | 個人主義者 /个人主义者 | |
| rat 名词 | /ɹæt/ | лочў, 鳥鼠 /鸟鼠 |
| ambiguity 名词 | /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/ | 模棱兩可的詞句 /模棱两可的词句, 有歧義的詞句 /有歧义的词句 |
| conversely 副词 | /kənˈvɝsli/ | 倒, 轉而 /转而 |
| stimulus 名词 | /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/ | 刺激物 |
| quiz 名词 | /kwɪz/ | 測驗 /测验, 競猜 /竞猜 |
| researcher 名词 | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | 研究員 /研究员, 研究者 |
| polite 形容词 | /pəˈlaɪt/ | 有禮貌 /有礼貌, 客氣 /客气 |
| characteristic 名词 | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | 特性, 特質 /特质 |
| resolve 动词 | /ɹɪˈzɑlv/ | 解決 /解决 |
| benevolent 形容词 | /bəˈnɛvələnt/ | 仁慈, 慈善 |
| boisterous 形容词 | /ˈbɔɪstəɹəs/ | 喧鬧的, 愛鬧的 /爱闹的 |
| categorize 动词 | /ˈkætɪɡəˌɹaɪz/ | 分類 /分类 |
| individualism 名词 | /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪ.dʒu.əˌlɪ.zəm/ | 個人主義 /个人主义 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| check out 动词 | 退房 |
值得反复跟读的句子
视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：
- Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?
- What were you taught to avoid?
- What were you taught to approach?
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | are influenced · were probably scolded · were probably encouraged |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | have definitely influenced · have created · I've found |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 8 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 I'm, doesn't, don't。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, occupation /ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, ambiguity /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: avoidance /əˈvɔɪdəns/, collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, conversely /kənˈvɝsli/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, benevolent /bəˈnɛvələnt/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: avoidance /əˈvɔɪdəns/, collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, rat /ɹæt/, stimulus /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/, quiz /kwɪz/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, generality /ˌd͡ʒɛn.əˈɹæl.ɪ.ti/, pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, tolerant /ˈtɑːləɹənt/, respectful /ɹɪˈspɛkt.fl̩/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 uncertainty, individualist, rat 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。