Практика Shadowing: How Culture affects your Personality - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Personality is more than just genes.

A large part of who we are and the decisions

that we make are influenced by the culture that we grew up in.

So where does this influence start?

Think all the way back to when you learned manners.

You were probably scolded for engaging in behavior that was considered rude in your culture.

Conversely, you were probably encouraged to engage in behaviors that are considered to be polite.

Now, as you were conditioned to engage in more polite behaviors, you subconsciously picked up on patterns that influenced how you behave.

These patterns are highly influenced by the values of the culture that you grew up in.

But, not all cultures hold the same values.

Some cultures tend to encourage behaviors that are loud, boisterous, and competitive.

Others encourage quiet, respectful, and more humble behaviors.

Depending on the culture where you live, you probably pick up on these values, and they have definitely influenced your decisions and your personality.

Researchers have been studying the connections between culture and personality for a long time, and in this video, I'm going to attempt to explain two spectrums that researchers have created to define cultures.

The cultures place on these spectrums highly influences the personality traits and the behaviors of the people within that culture.

So culture is not determined by borders.

As you'll see throughout the rest of this video, people learn lessons from cultures that are created from people within a certain country, occupation, class, gender identity, or other differences.

For example, just because the country you live in has an individualist culture does not mean you are bound by individualist ideas.

So keep this in mind throughout the rest of the video.

Let's get started by talking about individual versus collectivist culture.

Individualism focuses on the individual, just as the name implies.

People living in an individualist environment prioritize self-improvement of themselves

and satisfying their own needs before the rest of those of their community.

Why?

Well, individualist cultures believe and teach that if everyone takes care of themselves, then the entire group should thrive and then become self-sufficient.

Individualist cultures put a lot of stress on independence and self-reliance.

Those that live in this type of culture tend to be very self-sufficient and driven workers, but are weaker whenever it comes to collaboration and teamwork.

They usually struggle handing off responsibility.

Now in general, these people usually distance themselves psychologically and emotionally from one another, since working with others is more of an option than a requirement for success.

In the media, we often see individualist characteristics associated with men, people in urban settings, and the western culture.

So what about collectivist cultures?

People living in a collectivist environment are taught to focus on

the needs of the group before they focus on their own individual needs.

They associate their identity to the role and function in a larger group.

These groups can include families, teams at work, or the entire nation.

Collectivist societies teach people that everyone will benefit when they start to look out for one another.

Harmony and interdependence between group members is highly valued among people in this type of environment.

Now, unlike their individualist counterparts, members of collectivist cultures tend to be extremely close to each other psychologically and emotionally.

Now, this can create an us versus them mindset that separates or looks down upon people that are outside of their group.

Collectivist characteristics are generally associated with women, people in rural settings, and eastern culture.

So let's look at another spectrum.

Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?

This idea was coined in 1935 to help psychologists identify what makes some conflicts easy to resolve and others difficult to resolve.

Where you lie on this spectrum can highly influence how you make decisions.

So what is approach vs avoidance?

Humans typically want to approach and move towards pleasurable things, and they typically want to avoid and move away from negative or painful things.

It's very similar to Freud's pleasure-pain principle.

The idea of approach vs avoidance was measured when an experiment was conducted on rats in 1948.

The rats were exposed to different positive and negative stimuli.

then measure the strength of their pull towards the stimuli.

The most interesting results from this experiment reveal

that the closer the rats were to the item that they were either approaching or avoiding, the stronger their pull was in either direction.

Now this can be applied to humans and how they make their decisions and categorize conflict.

But what does it have to do with the culture where you grew up with?

Cause that's kinda the topic of this video, right?

The culture helps to teach you at a young age what to approach and what to avoid.

Culture doesn't teach you to avoid physical pain and approach food.

Those things are instinctual to all humans.

The things we learn to approach and avoid through culture appeal to a higher need.

One example of this is something called uncertainty avoidance.

The uncertainty avoidance of a culture is a measure of how that culture responds to novelty and uncertainty.

How does a culture deal with ambiguity?

Are changes welcome in the nation?

Or does the culture approach stable, traditional rules and customs?

Now in some research I've found that countries who generally score high in neuroticism tend to be high in uncertainty avoidance.

Most countries usually have a more formal system of rules that try to minimize cultural or situational ambiguity.

And the citizens are uninterested in changing them.

These cultures tend to be more conservative, more emotional, and usually xenophobic.

Families in these cultures tend to have more traditional gender roles too.

Schools have more structured learning, and children are taught to trust

that their Teachers have all of the answers children are also taught that the outside world may be a hostile place

Religions associated with the uncertainty avoidance include Catholicism Islam Judaism and Shinto ism

Conversely countries low in neuroticism and low

and uncertainty avoidance tend to have fewer laws and regulations

And their citizens are much more interested in politics These cultures are often more open to change

and more tolerant of diversity and people within these cultures tend to suppress their emotions more.

Families in these cultures usually have looser gender roles and their schools have a more open-minded learning.

As a generality, teachers are allowed to say that they don't know and students are encouraged to question authority.

Children are also taught that the outside world is benevolent and that they should not persecute others based on their beliefs.

Religions associated with low uncertainty avoidance include Protestantism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism.

So where do you fit in?

Uncertainty avoidance is just one concept that is influenced by a culture's personality

and how it influences the decisions and behaviors of the people within that culture.

What were you taught to avoid?

What were you taught to approach?

And how does the culture where you grew up in influence what you consider to be comfortable and uncomfortable?

I hope you guys enjoyed this video and if you did, feel free to watch some of the other videos in this personality series.

And if you want to learn more about your own personality, check out my free 3-in-1 personality quiz in the description below.

What it does is it combines three of the major personality

quizzes into just one test you can take in under 10 minutes.

And at the end of it, I'm gonna try to predict some things about you, like your political stances, your relationship style, and also your health.

I put a lot of work into it, so I hope you guys enjoy it.

Thanks for watching, and I hope to see you in the next video.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «How Culture affects your Personality». Чаще всего повторяются слова: culture, avoidance, personality, approach, uncertainty. В этом видео 93 предложений и 1311 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:22. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 206 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 83% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием. Вопросов здесь 14 из 93 предложений, так что это хорошая тренировка вопросительной интонации и коротких ответов.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
uncertainty существительное	/ʌnˈsɜːtənti/	неуве́ренность, сомне́ние
individualist существительное		индивидуалист
rat существительное	/ɹæt/	кры́са, пасю́к
ambiguity существительное	/æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/	двусмы́сленность, нея́сность
psychologically наречие		психологи́чески
conversely наречие	/kənˈvɝsli/	наоборот, обра́тно
stimulus существительное	/ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/	сти́мул, побуди́тель
quiz существительное	/kwɪz/	виктори́на, квиз
researcher существительное	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	иссле́дователь, иссле́довательница
polite прилагательное	/pəˈlaɪt/	ве́жливый, учти́вый
characteristic существительное	/ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/	характе́рная черта́, отличи́тельная черта́
emotionally наречие	/ɪˈməʊʃənəli/	эмоциона́льно
resolve глагол	/ɹɪˈzɑlv/	реша́ть, реши́ть
benevolent прилагательное	/bəˈnɛvələnt/	благожела́тельный, доброжела́тельный
boisterous прилагательное	/ˈbɔɪstəɹəs/	шу́мный, бу́рный

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
check out глагол	проверя́ть, прове́рить

Фразы, которые стоит повторять

Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:

Did you grow up in an approach or an avoidance culture?
What were you taught to avoid?
What were you taught to approach?

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	are influenced · were probably scolded · were probably encouraged
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	have definitely influenced · have created · I've found

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 8 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'm, doesn't, don't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, occupation /ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, collectivist /kəˈlɛktɪvɪst/, ambiguity /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: quiz /kwɪz/, weaker /ˈwikɚ/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: behave /bɪˈheɪv/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/, harmony /ˈhɑ̟ɹ.mə.ni/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: quiz /kwɪz/, resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/, categorize /ˈkætɪɡəˌɹaɪz/, prioritize /pɹaɪˈɒɹ.ə.taɪz/, thrive /θɹajv/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как uncertainty, individualist, rat.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: How Culture affects your Personality - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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