쉐도잉 연습: The Most Important Picture in the History of Science - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기
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This little spinner has on it what,
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This little spinner has on it what,
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in my opinion, is the most important picture in the history of science.
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And while I work up to telling you about it,
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I'm gonna spin it and see how long it can go.
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Because in order to tell you about this image,
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I have to ask you a question about atoms.
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And that question is, do you know that atoms exist?
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Like, for sure.
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And more than that, do we know that atoms exist?
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Is that a thing that humanity,
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like, 100% definitely has nailed down?
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Like, if you pressed me,
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I couldn't really tell you what atoms are.
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Certainly, they are some combination of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons.
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Certainly, there's a nucleus and an electron cloud.
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Also, by definition, they're neutral.
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If there's more electrons than protons or more protons than electrons,
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then that's an ion.
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And certainly, when you do chemistry,
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it only ever happens in whole number increments.
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There's like definitely an atom-like thing going on there.
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And this was actually the first big hint that atoms might really be a real thing.
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When early chemists did early chemistry,
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they kept finding these nice big whole numbers.
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You break water apart, you don't just get hydrogen and oxygen,
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which is a very weird outcome on its own.
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You get exactly two parts hydrogen for every one part oxygen.
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I mean, as exactly as their methods and instruments would allow.
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But that is not enough on its own to say that an atom is a real physical thing.
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Like maybe there's just some other force pushing everything toward these whole number ratios.
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A century after John Dalton and Joseph Proust noticed these ratios,
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So scientists were still arguing about whether atoms were a real physical thing or just a useful mathematical tool.
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It's still going.
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But if there's one thing you know about Albert Einstein,
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it's the whole E equals mc squared thing.
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But if there's two things you know,
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it's probably the photoelectric effect.
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But if there's three things you know,
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it's that he also kind of proved that physical atoms actually exist.
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This is a big deal.
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The fact that this is not his most famous discovery is honestly pretty messed up.
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Perhaps he should have, like, done a little less.
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You know, leave something for the rest of us.
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In 1905, Einstein used math to describe a very weird effect called Brownian motion,
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where little flecks of stuff on the top of water would jitter, seemingly at random.
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Einstein's math proved very elegantly that this would only happen
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if the water itself were made of tiny particles bumping into pollen grains.
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Oh, it stopped.
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It stopped.
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Turns out I could go longer.
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The fact that Einstein showed that if atoms were real,
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tiny particles suspended in water should jitter in a very specific way
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that was indeed the way that they jitter here in the real physical world convinced a lot of people.
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It was kinda seeing atoms with our own eyes,
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but it was not actually seeing atoms.
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And even though Einstein's 1905 Brownian motion paper is often cited as the moment
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that we knew for sure that there really were atoms,
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many scientists continued to argue that atoms weren't a real thing
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and they were more of an idea for quite a long time.
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After all, if atoms were real,
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why couldn't anyone see one?
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Now you might be thinking,
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is this, what I think is the most important image in the history of science,
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is this the first picture of atoms?
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No, it's not.
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But it kinda is.
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We're gonna get to it it.
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Atoms, it turns out, are incredibly small.
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About one ten billionth of a meter across, which is pretty strange.
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Like, that's just very small.
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Also, it turns out quite a lot smaller than the wavelengths of visible light.
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So atoms, actually, are literally impossible to see with the light we use to see things.
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So surely, seeing would not be the thing
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that would put the final nail in the coffin of the atoms don't physically exist theory.
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But right around this time,
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something else very interesting had been discovered.
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A new kind of light.
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God, this must have been very exciting and weird at the time.
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That new kind of light was the X-ray.
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And importantly, no one in the early 20th century knew what the heck an X-ray was.
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Some scientists thought that they were particles,
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others thought that they were waves like light,
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just with like way shorter wavelengths.
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And if that were true,
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then perhaps those waves might be small enough to interact with atoms.
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And this was the very clever insight of not Einstein,
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but the German physicist Max von Lau.
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He thought that perhaps X-rays could interact with atoms,
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and he had the perfect tool for testing this—crystals.
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The atoms of crystals are arranged in extremely regular repeating patterns.
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Salt, quartz, diamond—they all have atoms arranged in orderly grids.
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And if X-rays were really waves and atoms were really physical objects arranged in these orderly patterns,
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then sending X-rays through a crystal should do something very specific and very cool.
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Each atom would scatter the X-rays a little bit,
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and those scattered waves would interfere with one another,
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reinforcing in some directions, canceling out in others.
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If you placed a photographic plate behind the crystal and shot an X-ray through it,
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you You should see a specific and symmetrical pattern when you develop the plate.
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If that happened, X-rays would definitely be waves,
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and atoms would definitely be things.
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And in 1912, while the atom debate continued to fester,
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two of von Laue's colleagues did exactly this,
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firing X-rays through a crystal of copper sulfate and onto photographic plates.
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And when they went and developed the film,
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this must have been very exciting,
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they saw a constellation of spots arranged in perfect symmetry.
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This photograph revealed two deep truths about the universe at the same time.
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X-rays were not mysterious particles,
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they were a new kind of light.
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Electromagnetic radiation with much smaller wavelengths.
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And second, crystals were not smooth continuous solids the way they appear to be to us.
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They were built from extremely tiny objects arranged in precise repeating structures.
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Now this was not a photograph of atoms.
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We would have to wait decades for that if you can call what we do now when we image atoms a photograph.
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This was instead the pattern atoms imprint on light as it passes through them.
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Which let's be honest is cooler.
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It is so cool that I would like to make you a deal.
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Are you ready?
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So some of you watching this video you would like to celebrate Von Laus work.
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humanity's labor of never being satisfied and always striving to figure out more,
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to the point where we now teach seemingly unknowable truths to every elementary school student.
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This is remarkable work.
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This is human work.
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It is the work of science.
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And here at SciShow, we love to tell you about that work.
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We love what we do.
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We are also part of Complexly,
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which is a 501c3 nonprofit full of people working their butts off to make high-quality,
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accurate videos free for everyone.
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Now many of you support Complexly or SciShow on Patreon
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which is amazing but we know that some people like to donate just once instead of a monthly payment.
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So for the third year in a row we are selling a $60 postcard,
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this time with a bunch of very cool SciShow stickers on it.
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Now $60 is too much for a postcard,
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but it's pretty good for four SciShow videos a week all year round. $5 a month for 16 brand new videos?
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I don't mind it.
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Send it to a friend!
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The whole idea is that a very small number of people support us with money
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so that the content can be free for everyone.
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Some of you have been asking for something cooler,
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something shiny, something collectible to represent your love of SciShow,
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to show all those Crash Course fans that SciShow has super fans too.
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And that's why I asked the team to cook up this spinner.
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On one side it's got this X-ray crystallography image,
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on the other side our SciShow logo.
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You can buy this right now
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and only for the next two weeks at the link on the screen or in the video description,
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it costs $500, which is a lot of money.
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But it's less than $3 per video we produce in a year.
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When you buy this, you make it possible for us to make SciShow for everybody else.
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And it will come in a package sealed with a very cool SciShow wax seal.
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And did I tell you that we are a non-profit now,
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so it's also tax deductible?
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These X-ray diffraction pictures of crystals,
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called X-ray crystallographs, it turns out,
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weren't just good for learning about the nature of our universe,
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they also became an important tool for understanding chemical structures.
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Most famously, Rosalind Franklin managed the finicky work of creating a crystal of DNA,
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and then shining x-rays through it to create this famous image.
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Once scientists learned how to read these patterns,
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they had a way to map the invisible architecture of atoms.
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From minerals to metals to complex molecules to eventually the molecule that encodes our genome, DNA.
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Science is a process, and we love to follow along with the developments here on SciShow.
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You'll see our list of references in the notes of every video,
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because we like to keep up on peer-reviewed research.
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But that's a lot of work for a YouTube video,
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and we can only do it thanks to you.
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So if you can help us keep making hundreds of videos every year,
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check out the SciShow postcard and the spinner in the link in the description,
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only available for the next two weeks.
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Still going.
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- “Do you know that atoms exist?” - 이 질문 구조는 상대방의 이해도를 체크하는 질문 형식을 보여줍니다.
- “Certainly, they are some combination of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons.” - “certainly”와 같은 부사를 사용해 말의 확신을 강화하는 표현이 있습니다.
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- Atoms - “애텀스”와 같이 정확한 발음을 연습하세요.
- Hydrogen - 제대로 발음하지 않으면 “하이드로젠”이 아닌 “하이로젠”처럼 들릴 수 있습니다.
- Pollen - “폴린”의 발음을 정확히 하는 것이 중요합니다. 자주 사용되는 단어이므로 주의 깊게 들어보세요.
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