शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The Most Important Picture in the History of Science - YouTube के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

This little spinner has on it what,

⏸ रुका हुआ

गति:

171 वाक्य

यदि वाक्य बहुत छोटे या लंबे हों, तो समायोजित करने के लिए Edit पर क्लिक करें।

This little spinner has on it what,

in my opinion, is the most important picture in the history of science.

And while I work up to telling you about it,

I'm gonna spin it and see how long it can go.

Because in order to tell you about this image,

I have to ask you a question about atoms.

And that question is, do you know that atoms exist?

Like, for sure.

And more than that, do we know that atoms exist?

Is that a thing that humanity,

like, 100% definitely has nailed down?

Like, if you pressed me,

I couldn't really tell you what atoms are.

Certainly, they are some combination of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons.

Certainly, there's a nucleus and an electron cloud.

Also, by definition, they're neutral.

If there's more electrons than protons or more protons than electrons,

then that's an ion.

And certainly, when you do chemistry,

it only ever happens in whole number increments.

There's like definitely an atom-like thing going on there.

And this was actually the first big hint that atoms might really be a real thing.

When early chemists did early chemistry,

they kept finding these nice big whole numbers.

You break water apart, you don't just get hydrogen and oxygen,

which is a very weird outcome on its own.

You get exactly two parts hydrogen for every one part oxygen.

I mean, as exactly as their methods and instruments would allow.

But that is not enough on its own to say that an atom is a real physical thing.

Like maybe there's just some other force pushing everything toward these whole number ratios.

A century after John Dalton and Joseph Proust noticed these ratios,

So scientists were still arguing about whether atoms were a real physical thing or just a useful mathematical tool.

It's still going.

But if there's one thing you know about Albert Einstein,

it's the whole E equals mc squared thing.

But if there's two things you know,

it's probably the photoelectric effect.

But if there's three things you know,

it's that he also kind of proved that physical atoms actually exist.

This is a big deal.

The fact that this is not his most famous discovery is honestly pretty messed up.

Perhaps he should have, like, done a little less.

You know, leave something for the rest of us.

In 1905, Einstein used math to describe a very weird effect called Brownian motion,

where little flecks of stuff on the top of water would jitter, seemingly at random.

Einstein's math proved very elegantly that this would only happen

if the water itself were made of tiny particles bumping into pollen grains.

Oh, it stopped.

It stopped.

Turns out I could go longer.

The fact that Einstein showed that if atoms were real,

tiny particles suspended in water should jitter in a very specific way

that was indeed the way that they jitter here in the real physical world convinced a lot of people.

It was kinda seeing atoms with our own eyes,

but it was not actually seeing atoms.

And even though Einstein's 1905 Brownian motion paper is often cited as the moment

that we knew for sure that there really were atoms,

many scientists continued to argue that atoms weren't a real thing

and they were more of an idea for quite a long time.

After all, if atoms were real,

why couldn't anyone see one?

Now you might be thinking,

is this, what I think is the most important image in the history of science,

is this the first picture of atoms?

No, it's not.

But it kinda is.

We're gonna get to it it.

Atoms, it turns out, are incredibly small.

About one ten billionth of a meter across, which is pretty strange.

Like, that's just very small.

Also, it turns out quite a lot smaller than the wavelengths of visible light.

So atoms, actually, are literally impossible to see with the light we use to see things.

So surely, seeing would not be the thing

that would put the final nail in the coffin of the atoms don't physically exist theory.

But right around this time,

something else very interesting had been discovered.

A new kind of light.

God, this must have been very exciting and weird at the time.

That new kind of light was the X-ray.

And importantly, no one in the early 20th century knew what the heck an X-ray was.

Some scientists thought that they were particles,

others thought that they were waves like light,

just with like way shorter wavelengths.

And if that were true,

then perhaps those waves might be small enough to interact with atoms.

And this was the very clever insight of not Einstein,

but the German physicist Max von Lau.

He thought that perhaps X-rays could interact with atoms,

and he had the perfect tool for testing this—crystals.

The atoms of crystals are arranged in extremely regular repeating patterns.

Salt, quartz, diamond—they all have atoms arranged in orderly grids.

And if X-rays were really waves and atoms were really physical objects arranged in these orderly patterns,

then sending X-rays through a crystal should do something very specific and very cool.

Each atom would scatter the X-rays a little bit,

and those scattered waves would interfere with one another,

reinforcing in some directions, canceling out in others.

If you placed a photographic plate behind the crystal and shot an X-ray through it,

you You should see a specific and symmetrical pattern when you develop the plate.

If that happened, X-rays would definitely be waves,

100

and atoms would definitely be things.

101

And in 1912, while the atom debate continued to fester,

102

two of von Laue's colleagues did exactly this,

103

firing X-rays through a crystal of copper sulfate and onto photographic plates.

104

And when they went and developed the film,

105

this must have been very exciting,

106

they saw a constellation of spots arranged in perfect symmetry.

107

This photograph revealed two deep truths about the universe at the same time.

108

X-rays were not mysterious particles,

109

they were a new kind of light.

110

Electromagnetic radiation with much smaller wavelengths.

111

And second, crystals were not smooth continuous solids the way they appear to be to us.

112

They were built from extremely tiny objects arranged in precise repeating structures.

113

Now this was not a photograph of atoms.

114

We would have to wait decades for that if you can call what we do now when we image atoms a photograph.

115

This was instead the pattern atoms imprint on light as it passes through them.

116

Which let's be honest is cooler.

117

It is so cool that I would like to make you a deal.

118

Are you ready?

119

So some of you watching this video you would like to celebrate Von Laus work.

120

humanity's labor of never being satisfied and always striving to figure out more,

121

to the point where we now teach seemingly unknowable truths to every elementary school student.

122

This is remarkable work.

123

This is human work.

124

It is the work of science.

125

And here at SciShow, we love to tell you about that work.

126

We love what we do.

127

We are also part of Complexly,

128

which is a 501c3 nonprofit full of people working their butts off to make high-quality,

129

accurate videos free for everyone.

130

Now many of you support Complexly or SciShow on Patreon

131

which is amazing but we know that some people like to donate just once instead of a monthly payment.

132

So for the third year in a row we are selling a $60 postcard,

133

this time with a bunch of very cool SciShow stickers on it.

134

Now $60 is too much for a postcard,

135

but it's pretty good for four SciShow videos a week all year round. $5 a month for 16 brand new videos?

136

I don't mind it.

137

Send it to a friend!

138

The whole idea is that a very small number of people support us with money

139

so that the content can be free for everyone.

140

Some of you have been asking for something cooler,

141

something shiny, something collectible to represent your love of SciShow,

142

to show all those Crash Course fans that SciShow has super fans too.

143

And that's why I asked the team to cook up this spinner.

144

On one side it's got this X-ray crystallography image,

145

on the other side our SciShow logo.

146

You can buy this right now

147

and only for the next two weeks at the link on the screen or in the video description,

148

it costs $500, which is a lot of money.

149

But it's less than $3 per video we produce in a year.

150

When you buy this, you make it possible for us to make SciShow for everybody else.

151

And it will come in a package sealed with a very cool SciShow wax seal.

152

And did I tell you that we are a non-profit now,

153

so it's also tax deductible?

154

These X-ray diffraction pictures of crystals,

155

called X-ray crystallographs, it turns out,

156

weren't just good for learning about the nature of our universe,

157

they also became an important tool for understanding chemical structures.

158

Most famously, Rosalind Franklin managed the finicky work of creating a crystal of DNA,

159

and then shining x-rays through it to create this famous image.

160

Once scientists learned how to read these patterns,

161

they had a way to map the invisible architecture of atoms.

162

From minerals to metals to complex molecules to eventually the molecule that encodes our genome, DNA.

163

Science is a process, and we love to follow along with the developments here on SciShow.

164

You'll see our list of references in the notes of every video,

165

because we like to keep up on peer-reviewed research.

166

But that's a lot of work for a YouTube video,

167

and we can only do it thanks to you.

168

So if you can help us keep making hundreds of videos every year,

169

check out the SciShow postcard and the spinner in the link in the description,

170

only available for the next two weeks.

171

Still going.

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शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The Most Important Picture in the History of Science - YouTube के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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