Prática de Shadowing: The different types of mutations | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy - Aprenda a falar inglês com o YouTube

C1
Voiceover: So, today we're going to talk about the different types of genetic mutations that you would find in a cell.
⏸ Pausado
41 frases
Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.
1
Voiceover: So, today we're going to talk about the different types of genetic mutations that you would find in a cell.
2
But first, I want to review the central dogma of molecular biology and how the genetic information of a cell is stored in the form of DNA, which is then transcribed to form RNA and then translated to generate protein.
3
Nucleotides from the DNA are transcribed to their complementary forms on RNA, which are then read as codons or groups of three, to code for specific amino acids in a larger protein.
4
Now, if you mutate one of the nucleotides on DNA, like let's say turning this thymine-based into an adenine-based, then that will affect the RNA sequence and ultimately the protein that follows.
5
So, we say that mutations are mistakes in a cell's DNA that ultimately lead to abnormal protein production.
6
So, what are the different types of mutations?
7
Well, the first type of mutations we're going to talk about are called point mutations.
8
Now, here I've just written out a random sequence of DNA, which is just a repeating pattern of CTC, which would code for a repeating sequence of GAG in the RNA strand, and finally, a protein sequence of three glutamate amino acids.
9
So, a point mutation is when one of our DNA bases is replaced with another.
10
So, in this example, a thymine-based is being replaced with an adenine-based, which leads to a change in one RNA nucleotide and ultimately a change in one amino acid.
11
Another type of mutation is called frame-shift, which works a little differently.
12
So, first I'll write out the same DNA, RNA, and protein sequences from before, but now, instead of changing one base to another, I'm going to add one to the sequence, and here I've thrown in this extra cytosine base that I've written in blue.
13
Now, naturally, this change would lead to an additional guanine base being in the resulting messenger RNA sequence, but what's interesting is that this mutation will change the reading frame of the RNA.
14
Remember that RNA is read in groups of three or codons when being translated to form protein, but now, since we've added an extra G here, all of the codons coming after that extra G will look a little differently.
15
Now, instead of having three GAG codons, we've swapped out two for GGA codons.
16
This means that two of our amino acids in the final protein will be changed, and in this example, they'll be changed from glutamate to glycine.
17
So, you can see that frame-shift mutations usually have more significant effects on the final protein than point mutations do.
18
Now, it's important to recognize that both of these mutations are classified and named for how they affect the cell's DNA structure and aren't really named for how they affect the resulting protein.
19
Now, our next type of mutations are non-sense mutations and missense mutations.
20
Let's say we have a DNA sequence that normally generates RNA and codes for a cysteine amino acid.
21
A non-sense mutation is any genetic mutation that leads to the RNA sequence becoming a stop codon instead.
22
Now, missense mutations are a little different, and they're any genetic mutation that changes an amino acid from one to another.
23
So, in this example, our mutation is changing the resulting amino acid from a cysteine to a tryptophan.
24
Now, you can see that non-sense mutations probably affect the resulting protein a lot more than missense mutations do, since that new stop codon that we're creating could chop off a huge section of the protein, instead of just changing one amino acid to another.
25
So, now we can divide the missense mutations even further into a bunch of smaller categories.
26
Silent mutations are when the mutation doesn't actually affect the protein at all.
27
Since many different RNA codons can code for the same amino acid, it's possible that the mutation might not affect the protein at all.
28
So, in this example, CCA, CCG, CCT, and CCC in the section of DNA will all end up coding for glycine.
29
So, if you change the third base, it wouldn't affect the final protein.
30
Conservative mutations are where the new amino acid is of the same type as the original.
31
So, here I have a glutamate and an aspartate, which are both acidic amino acids.
32
So, a mutation that swapped out an aspartate for a glutamate would be a conservative mutation.
33
Finally, a nonconservative mutation is one with a new amino acid is of a different type from the original.
34
So, here we have a serine amino acid, which is a small polar amino acid, being replaced with phenylalanine, which is a large, nonpolar, aromatic amino acid, and this would be an example of a nonconservative mutation, since serine and phenylalanine are different types of amino acids.
35
Now, I'll point out again that all of these mutations are classified and named for how they affect the resulting proteins and aren't really named for how they affect the cell's DNA.
36
So, let's look at a quick example.
37
Sickle cell disease is a disorder where hemoglobin or Hb, which is a protein found in human blood, is mutated into a less active form, which we're going to call HbS, and it results from a single glutamate residue being converted into a valine residue.
38
Now, we can classify this mutation as a point mutation, since only one DNA base is affected, but we can also say that it's a nonconservative missense mutation, since glutamate is being swapped out for valine, and the two are different types of amino acids, since glutamate is an acidic amino acid, and valine is a nonpolar one.
39
So, what did we learn?
40
Well, first we learned that mutations originate at the DNA level, but show their effects on the protein level, and second, we learned that we can classify different types of mutations by either their effects on DNA or their effects on protein.
41
In reference to DNA, we have point and frame-shift mutations, and in reference to protein, we have missense and non-sense mutations.

Baixar aplicativo

Pontuação por IA para cada frase que você fala

Escaneie para baixar
Escaneie para baixar
Download on theApp Store
Get it onGoogle Play
TRENDING

Populares

Por que praticar a fala com este vídeo?

Praticar a fala com vídeos educativos, como este sobre mutações genéticas, oferece uma oportunidade valiosa para aprender inglês com YouTube. Assistir e reproduzir as informações apresentadas ajuda a desenvolver a fluência e a confiança. Além disso, o uso de termos científicos permite expandir o vocabulário técnico, essencial para conversas na área de biologia e ciências, além de promover uma melhor compreensão do contexto.

Ao aplicar a técnica de shadow speak, você não apenas repete o que ouve, mas também assimila as estruturas gramaticais e expressões num contexto real. Isso facilita a memorização e a fixação do conteúdo na mente.

Gramática & Expressões em Contexto

  • “Now, if you mutate one of the nucleotides on DNA” - Aqui, a estrutura condicional é utilizada, o que é fundamental para conectar ideias e descrever possíveis resultados. A frase exemplifica o uso de if para expressar possibilidades.
  • “This means that two of our amino acids in the final protein will be changed” - Note a construção passiva, que é comum em contextos científicos, permitindo que o foco esteja na ação em vez do sujeito. Essa estrutura é útil para discussões em inglês, especialmente na área acadêmica.
  • “So, what are the different types of mutations?” - A pergunta direta usada aqui é uma excelente maneira de engajar o ouvinte e iniciar discussões. Encoraja a prática de tirar dúvidas e fazer perguntas em conversas.

Armadilhas Comuns de Pronúncia

Durante a apresentação, se tem algumas palavras que podem ser desafiadoras para os falantes não nativos. Palavras como “nucleotide” e “mutation” exigem atenção especial na pronúncia, especialmente nas primeiras sílabas. Para melhorar a pronúncia em inglês, é recomendável repetir essas palavras em voz alta e usar a técnica de shadow speech para captar o som correto.

Além disso, a entonação em frases com estruturas complexas pode ser difícil. Praticar a fala em conjunto com o vídeo ajuda não apenas na dicção, mas também entonação, fazendo com que a fala soe mais natural.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

☕ Pague-nos um café