Практика Shadowing: The Black Hole Bomb and Black Hole Civilizations - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

Создание урока...
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Black holes are the largest collections of pure violent energy in the universe.
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If you come too close, they'll devour you and add your energy to their collection.
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And so, the energy is lost to us forever.
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Or is it? It turns out there's a universe cheat code.
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A way of powering civilizations until the very death of everything, or of constructing the largest bomb in the universe.
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But how? Didn't we learn that all energy is trapped forever in black holes, even light?
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This is true.
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Everything you think you know about the weirdest thing in the universe is about to get weirder, for one simple reason: Black holes are spinning.
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When really really massive stars die, their cores collapse under their own gravity into black holes.
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This means something very big becomes very, very tiny. Like the tiniest anything can be in this universe.
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But stars are rotating and a fundamental property of our universe is that things that are spinning don't want to stop spinning.
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We call this: angular momentum.
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And this angular momentum can't go away. A big thing that spins and becomes smaller, spins faster.
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So, as the core of a star collapses, its momentum makes it spin faster and faster and faster, until it collapses into a black hole .
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And the black hole keeps on spinning, inconceivably fast.
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Some of them spin millions of times a second.
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Just like non spinning black holes, ...spinning black holes have an event horizon and a singularity at their core, where all of their mass is concentrated.
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The singularity is usually described as a single infinitely small point with no surface area.
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But points can't rotate, so a rotating singularity can't be a point.
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Instead, it's a RINGularity.
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A ringularity is a ring with a thickness of zero and no surface, spinning extremely fast, containing all the mass of the black hole.
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The black hole is spinning so fast, that it morphs space and time itself.
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It literally drags space with it, such is its power.
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This creates a new and super weird region of space-time: the Ergosphere, which envelops the black hole.
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If space and time are completely broken inside the event horizon, then they're only half broken inside the ergosphere.
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Inside the ergosphere, nothing makes sense.
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It's possible to enter it and then leave it again, but it's probably not a great experience.
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You can imagine it like this: Falling into a static black hole is like sliding down a hole.
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Being inside the ergosphere of a spinning black hole is like spiraling down a deadly drain.
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The black hole transfers its own kinetic energy in the form of rotation, to everything that enters the ergosphere.
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The ringularity makes you dance whether you want to or not.
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You need to move faster than the speed of light just to stand still here, which is impossible.
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But here's our cheat code: We can steal this energy, and there's a lot of energy to steal.
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Take the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
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We could steal as much energy from it as every single star in the Milky Way emits in a billion years combined.
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The easiest way to steal this energy is, oddly enough, to drop something into the black hole.
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We've seen that the ringularity forces energy on us when we enter the ergosphere, ...which is a lot like being in a whirlpool, with space-time rushing around and around.
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If you're clever you can use the water to your advantage, and swim faster than before.
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In practice, this means sending a rocket into the ergosphere, and making a trade with the black hole: We give it some mass-energy, and it gives us some of its rotational energy.
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But it's not a fair trade, we get the better deal.
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Normally, if you fire a rocket, you exchange chemical energy for kinetic energy.
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This is like pushing yourself forward in a swimming pool.
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But if you fire a rocket inside the ergosphere, it's like pushing yourself forward in a wave pool.
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The rotational energy of the waves gives you a much stronger boost than you could get just by pushing yourself.
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The boost from the rotation of the back hole is so big, that you leave the ergosphere with much more energy than you entered it.
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The black hole gives a tiny amount of its rotational energy to you, and slows down a little.
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Obviously, this requires a lot of food.
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Fortunately, black holes aren't picky eaters.
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An advanced future civilization would probably harvest asteroids to drop them into the black hole when they needed an energy boost.
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But there's an even better way to get energy from a black hole, and oddly enough, it builds the biggest bomb any living thing could ever hope to build: We only need two things to build a black hole bomb: a fast-spinning black hole, and a big mirror.
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The mirror has to completely envelop the black hole, ...which is similar to a Dyson Sphere, a mega structure that harvests the energy of an entire star.
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Although, our mirror would be easier to build.
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Mirrors are simpler, and black holes are much, much more compact than stars.
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If we made the mirror 10 centimeters thick, the metal of a big asteroid would probably be enough material for a black hole with the mass of our Sun.
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Once our mirror is in place, we only need to open a window, and shoot electromagnetic waves at the black hole.
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You can imagine what happens next, by imagining tossing a ball at a wall, and it coming back faster than a bullet.
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The waves hit the black hole at light speed.
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A small proportion of the waves falls past the event horizon to disappear forever.
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But a much larger amount sloshes through the ergosphere, ...where the black hole forces some of its rotational energy on them, and amplifies them.
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They now begin superradiant scattering, which are fancy science words meaning: "Bouncing around between mirror and black hole and getting stronger." Every time they go around, they are getting exponentially stronger.
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By opening some windows in the mirror, we can extract the energy from the waves as fast as they grow.
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Which we could use, in theory, to create what would be for all practical purposes, an endless source of energy for trillions of years.
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Or, we could blow it up.
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If the waves are not released, they will continue to get stronger and stronger, ...and take more and more energy from the black hole, until the mirror shatters.
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A supermassive black hole would release as much energy as a supernova, ...making the bomb the largest explosion any living being could ever create.
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The beauty of the black hole bomb, the Penrose process, and the super radiant scattering, is that they are not science-fiction.
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In the far far future, this might be the only way to survive in our dying universe.
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After all the red dwarfs have cooled down, and all the white dwarfs transformed into black dwarfs, the universe will turn dark forever.
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Rotating black holes might be the only sources of energy in the entire universe that life could harvest.
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If so, the last living being in existence might one day end its life around a black hole.
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Which is equally chilling and uplifting.
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It turns out that even without any light, there are places we can go.

Контекст и фон

В этом видео рассматривается захватывающая тема черных дыр и их потенциала для создания энергии. Ведущий объясняет удивительные аспекты черных дыр, такие как их вращение и как это влияет на пространство и время. Он также обсуждает возможности, которые могут открыть черные дыры для будущих цивилизаций, включая возможность получения энергии, что делает информацию особенно актуальной для тех, кто учит английский язык и стремится расширить свои знания в области науки и технологий.

Топ-5 фраз для повседневного общения

  • «Черные дыры — это крупнейшие коллекции чистой энергии в宇宙.» - Отличное предложение для описания одной из самых таинственных тем в астрономии.
  • «Ангуларный моментум не может исчезнуть.» - Фраза, полезная для обсуждения физических законов.
  • «Внутри эргосферы ничего не имеет смысла.» - Эту фразу можно использовать в контексте неясных ситуаций.
  • «Мы можем украсть эту энергию.» - Подходит для обмена идей о получении выгоды из ресурсов.
  • «Это как падение в смертоносный слив.» - Яркое сравнение, которое можно использовать в разговоре о сложных ситуациях.

Пошаговое руководство по shadow speech

Чтобы эффективно практиковать произношение с данным видео, следуйте этому пошаговому руководству:

  1. Слушайте внимательно: Первоначально прослушайте видео, обращая внимание на интонацию и произношение ведущего. Чем больше вы будете погружаться, тем легче будет усвоить материал.
  2. Повторяйте за ведущим: Используйте технику shadow speech, где вы следуете за каждой фразой, повторяя ее в унисон. Это поможет вам улучшить произношение английского.
  3. Разделите сложные фразы: Если некоторые предложения кажутся сложными, разбейте их на части и отрабатывайте каждую отдельно, прежде чем собирать их вместе.
  4. Записывайте себя: Записывайте свою речь, чтобы услышать свои ошибки и улучшить произношение. Это отличная практика разговорного английского!
  5. Обсуждайте с друзьями: Делитесь своими мыслями по поводу черных дыр и энергии с друзьями или в языковых группах. Это поможет вам получить уверенность в разговоре и упрощает учить английский с YouTube.

Следуя этим шагам, вы сможете не только научиться новым фразам, но и значительно улучшить свое произношение английского языка, а также углубить свои знания в одной из самых захватывающих областей науки.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.