Практика Shadowing: Why is NASA sending a spacecraft to a metal world? - Linda T. Elkins-Tanton - Изучайте разговорный английский с YouTube

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Somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, about 500 million kilometers away from Earth, floats a metallic orb the size of Massachusetts.
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Somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, about 500 million kilometers away from Earth, floats a metallic orb the size of Massachusetts.
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That’s no moon... it’s 16 Psyche, one of the most massive asteroids in the solar system.
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And it is the asteroid our droids are looking for.
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We humans have managed to send robotic spacecraft to all sorts of environments in space – the gas clouds of Saturn and Jupiter, the icy wastes of Europa, and the rocky dunes of Mars.
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But Psyche’s surface isn’t just hard rock— it’s heavy metal.
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The asteroid mostly consists of nickel and iron, by far the largest known body with such a composition.
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But we don’t yet know what it looks like; our best current radar images show a pixelated smudge.
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That’ll change in 2026, when an unmanned spacecraft sent as part of NASA’s Discovery Program is scheduled to arrive.
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So why is NASA so interested in Psyche?
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Are we going to mine all that metal, or build a giant space magnet?
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Actually, the real reason is right under our feet.
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The core of the Earth is thought to consist of a solid nickel-iron center with a molten outer layer.
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But we’re prevented from studying it up close by 2,800 kilometers of solid rock.
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The deepest we’ve been able to drill is 12 kilometers.
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Even if we could go further, the pressure at the core is three million times higher than at the surface, with a temperature of 5,000 degrees Celsius.
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Simply put, a journey to the center of the Earth is out of the question for now.
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So scientists have had to resort to indirect ways of studying the core, like measuring earthquake waves that pass through it, or studying minerals thought to have formed there.
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But what if the best way to study Earth’s inner space is by visiting outer space?
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After all, we have a pretty good idea of how our planets formed.
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Dust and gas orbiting our young Sun cooled and collided to form a few thousand miniature bodies we call planetesimals.
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As these continued to orbit, some combined to grow larger, eventually forming our planets.
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Others experienced impacts that broke them apart into smaller chunks— the asteroids we see today in the belt between Mars and Jupiter.
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What makes Psyche so special is that it appears to have been a planetesimal well on its way to becoming a planet, with a rocky exterior surrounding a metal core.
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But its progress was cut short by a series of hit-and-run collisions with other planetesimals that knocked off the rocky crust until only the core remained.
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Experiencing that many destructive collisions with no additive ones in between is statistically very unlikely, making Psyche an amazingly rare opportunity to study an exposed metallic core.
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To do that, NASA’s robotic orbiter will be equipped with an array of advanced instruments.
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A spectrometer will analyze the gamma rays and neutrons produced when Psyche is struck by cosmic rays.
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Each element in the periodic table releases gamma rays of specific wavelengths, so these measurements will tell us what elements are found on the surface.
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A magnetometer will measure Psyche’s magnetic field, allowing us to learn more about how Earth’s magnetic field is generated at its core.
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And of course, an imager will give us a closer look at the surface than ever before.
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Visiting a whole new kind of world is exciting enough on its own.
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But the mission to Psyche gives us a unique chance to discover our own planet’s innermost secrets in an orbit far, far away.
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