Shadowing Practice: Genetics Chapter 1 | Introduction to Genes, DNA, Mendel & Modern Genetics - Learn English Speaking with Video
Bir pratik modu seçin
Her mod tam ekran bir pratik odası açar.
59 cümleler
Cümleler çok kısa veya çok uzun ise, ayarlamak için Düzenle'ye tıklayın.
1
Welcome to another lecture by Medical Medics, learning made easy.
2
Genetics, Chapter 1, Introduction to Genetics.
3
In this lecture we will discuss what is genetics, briefly touch upon the history of genetics, the discovery of DNA, why genetics is important in medicine, some key concepts, and end with a summary.
4
Now, genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.
5
Focus areas include genes, which are the units of heredity, DNA, the blueprint of life, and chromosomes, these carry the genetic material.
6
Why is this relevant?
7
Because it explains biological diversity, and it links traits to their hereditary origins.
8
So an example of this is, why do some people have curly hair while others don't?
9
That's an example of genetics at work.
10
Now, before modern science, people thought that traits blended together like mixing colors.
11
But it wasn't until the discovery of cells where we got our first clues to start understanding heredity correctly.
12
correctly.
13
Because, for example, the blending inheritance theory couldn't explain trait reappearance.
14
And pangenesis was the idea that small particles from the body would transfer traits to our offspring.
15
And it implied that acquired traits could be inherited.
16
And this was later disproven.
17
Only after the discovery of cells, with the technological advancements of microscopy and when we get to Gregor Mendel,
18
who is called the father of genetics, did we start understanding heredity.
19
So, Gregor Mendel, called the father of genetics, what he did was he experimented with pea plants, and he observed patterns of inheritance in traits, for example, tall versus short plants.
20
And that led him to formulate two laws.
21
First, the law of segregation.
22
So, each parent passes one copy of a gene.
23
He also formulated the law of independent assortment, so traits are inherited independently.
24
So, for example, tall plants crossed with short plants produce tall offspring, but short plants can appear in the next generation.
25
So, following from Mendel's discoveries, we found that traits actually don't blend like they thought before.
26
Instead, they are passed down like in patterns, and it's like flipping a coin.
27
And then, of course, with the discovery of DNA, everything accelerated.
28
Now, Friedrich in 1869 discovered the nucleon, later known as DNA.
29
and he did that in white blood cells.
30
In 1952, the Hershey Chase experiment proved DNA, not proteins, is the genetic material using viruses and radioactive labeling.
31
Further on, 1953, Watson, Crick, and Franklin used x-ray diffraction to describe the DNA double helix structure.
32
And the structure of DNA, though, therefore, as we know it now, is a double helix, so a spiral staircase, and you can see it illustrated here.
33
And it is made of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases.
34
And then you find A, T, C, G pairings, where you have adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
35
So DNA is like a twisted ladder made of molecules.
36
It carries the instructions for how your body grows and works.
37
And further, moving into modern genetics, we've had the Human Genome Project that went on from 1990 to 2003, where we mapped all human genes.
38
And this means that, similar to creating a GPS for the human body, it helps us to develop better treatments for diseases.
39
and of course it enabled breakthroughs in medicine and technology.
40
Some of these technologies could be CRISPR, which is a gene editing tool.
41
So an example is we use gene therapy for conditions like muscular dystrophy, where modern genetic tools are used.
42
And this gene therapy is becoming more and more and more popular now.
43
So why genetics is important in medicine?
44
Because first of all, diagnostics.
45
It helps us identifying genetic causes of diseases for example sickle cell anemia
46
personalized medicine so tailoring treatments based on dna for example
47
targeted cancer therapy preventive measures so predicting disease risk like brca mutations for breast cancer.
48
Now some key concepts in genetics include the gene, which is the unit of heredity, and it codes for proteins.
49
Then we have chromosomes, these structure organizing DNA in cells, and we have 23 pairs in humans, and in total, 46.
50
Mutations, so change in DNA sequence that can affect health.
51
An example is a mutation in the hemoglobin gene leading to sickle cell disease.
52
So a way to think about it is that genes are like instructions,
53
chromosomes are the books that hold these instructions, and mutations are typos in those instructions.
54
So in summary then, genetics studies how traits and diseases are inherited.
55
It's crucial in medicine, agriculture, and technology.
56
Historical milestones include Mendel's laws and the discovery of DNA.
57
And modern genetics drives personalized medicine and new treatments.
58
That's the end of the first chapter.
59
Continue now to chapter 2.
Uygulamayı İndir
Akıcı konuşmak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey
AI TelaffuzHer cümleyi puanla
IPA AlıştırmasıHer sesi ustalaştır
Kelime BilgisiKelime bankanızı oluşturun
Kelime OyunuOynarken öğrenin
Aynı Kanal
FOR YOU
Video Öner
C12
31 cümleler
Why schools of the future will be designed with geneticists | Kathryn Paige Harden
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
182 cümleler
Thyroid Gland | Anatomy and Embryology | Lobes and Blood supply | Development of the Thyroid Gland
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
339 cümleler
Introduction to HPLC - Lecture 1: HPLC Basics
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
3 cümleler
"DNA" tiếng Anh là gì #vocabulary #toeic #ielts #hoctuvung #tuvungtienganh
TOEIC PrepUniversity Students
C11
67 cümleler
Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
327 cümleler
Episode 3: The Indo-European Family Tree
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
406 cümleler
Scoliosis: How to medically classify scoliosis (the Lenke System for AIS)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
32 cümleler
RE2 Unit 9B
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
41 cümleler
The different types of mutations | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
177 cümleler
Pyruvate Pathways & Metabolism
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C17
153 cümleler
Revolutions in Science and Tech: Crash Course European History #44
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
66 cümleler
The Montessori Theory: Key Concepts
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 59 cümle ve 775 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 7:29 sürüyor. Konuşmacı yavaş konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 104 kelime; her sesi taklit etmek için zamanınız var. Kelimelerin yalnızca %73’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| genetics isim | /dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/ | genetik |
| gene isim | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gen |
| trait isim | /tɹeɪt/ | özellik, vasıf |
| discovery isim | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | keşif |
| mutation isim | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutasyon |
| blend fiil | /blɛnd/ | karışmak |
| experiment isim | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | deney (n), tecrübe |
| summary isim | /ˈsʌm.ə.ɹi/ | özet, fezleke |
| lecture isim | /ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/ | konferans, ders |
| inheritance isim | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/ | miras, bırakıt |
| offspring isim | /ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/ | yavru |
| label isim | /ˈleɪ.bəl/ | etiket |
| virus isim | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | virüs |
| discover fiil | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | keşfetmek |
| agriculture isim | /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/ | tarım, ekincilik |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | could be inherited · is called · are inherited |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | genes, which are · CRISPR, which is · gene, which is |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı don't, couldn't, wasn't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 5 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: brotherhood /ˈbɹʌðɚˌhʊd/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, thymine /ˈθaɪmiːn/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, segregation /sɛɡɹəˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, inheritance /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, diversity /daɪˈvɜː(ɹ)sɪti/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; genetics, gene, trait gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.