Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Breast Pathology Cases 5 through 7
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This is breast pathology cases 5, 6, and 7.
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This is breast pathology cases 5, 6, and 7.
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Cases 5, 6, and 7 are related so we will go through these together.
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This is case number 5.
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This is an older slide and somewhat faded but you can still make out the pathology.
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So let's see what we have here.
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We have a terminal duct lobular unit here and a part of one here.
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here, but let's focus on this particular terminal duct lobular unit.
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First of all, is this terminal duct lobular unit normal or abnormal?
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Well it's abnormal.
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Why is it abnormal?
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It's abnormal because it has expansion of these acini, these acinar structures, which would normally just have a single layer of epithelium and a lumen, and instead what we have is filling in of the acini within a terminal duct lobular unit.
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Overall, I would say the degree of expansion is somewhat mild, although obviously that can be subjective.
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But let's look at the cytology of the cells.
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You can see that they're relatively uniform, so the nuclear size and shape throughout most of these expanded acini look relatively uniform.
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They have ovoid nuclei, relatively abundant cytoplasm.
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You can make out these clear cells on the periphery of the acini.
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These are the myoepithelial cells.
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And notice in particular that you see a lot of white space in between the individual epithelial cells.
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That is a feature that points towards discohesion or dis-heasion, however you want to say it.
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So there is a lack of adhesion between many of these cells.
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Upon closer inspection we can make out some of the nuclear details.
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You can see that they have somewhat granular chromatin.
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We do have conspicuous nucleoli.
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They've got relatively abundant cytoplasm.
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Again, unlike the previous cases that we saw, you can't really make out the cell membranes and the adhesion between the epithelial cells.
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Also notice a clue here.
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There is a vacuole within the cytoplasm of some of these epithelial cells.
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Here's another magnified view you can see this little mucin vacuole within the epithelial cell that is compressing the nucleus.
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Here is an immunohistochemical stain that was performed on this particular focus.
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There are some folds so ignore those.
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This is E-cadherin.
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So you can see that most of these cells that are filling in the lumen within these expanded acini are negative for E-cadherin.
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It's not uncommon to have scattered staining but for the most part they're negative.
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So the diagnosis for this case is atypical lobular hyperplasia, and it's somewhat subjective.
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Some may call this lobular carcinoma in situ.
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We'll talk more about criteria in a bit.
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This is the next case.
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This is case number six.
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And this case will actually show you how subjective this can be.
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So what we have here, although less discrete than we saw in the previous biopsy, we have a terminal duct lobular unit that has expanded asini.
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Upon closer inspection, similar to what we saw in the previous case, you can actually make out some vacuoles at this lower magnification.
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And you can make out the relative lack of cohesion among the cells so you can see some spaces in between the epithelial cells.
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Higher power magnification shows somewhat uniformity among the nuclei, but we do have a typical We have hyperchromasia, we have some pseudo-inclusions, we have some programmed cell death.
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At this power you can make out more clearly the vacuoles within some of these epithelial cells causing compression of the nucleus.
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You can also make out a distinct layer of cells that looks different than the the cells that are filling in the lumen.
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These are likely myoepithelial cells.
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Here is another E-cadherin stain, so this is negative.
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And the diagnosis for this biopsy was lobular carcinoma in situ.
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Now to my eye, the difference between the two cases is not that great.
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I think either one could have been called atypical lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ.
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This is case 7, and in this case you once again make out a terminal duct lobular unit, although this is less clearly defined to my eye compared to the previous cases.
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But it's still an expansion of asinine that are relatively close to one another that you might consider to be a part of a single terminal duct lobular unit.
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These are much more expanded than our previous cases, and there's variability to the extent of expansion.
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On higher magnification you can see there is a greater degree of nuclear pleomorphism than we saw in our previous case.
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Some of the nuclei are much larger than the others, so we have at least a several fold variation in nuclear size.
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We also have prominent nucleoli throughout most of these cells.
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They've got relatively abundant cytoplasm.
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You can make out vacuoles, similar to our two previous cases within the cytoplasm, and evidence of discohesion among the cells.
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Here is a higher power view, making out here the vacuoles within the cytoplasm.
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Another view here showing the coarseness of the chromatin, the prominent nucleoli, and the variability in nuclear size and shape.
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Again, see how the cells are pulling apart.
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So there is a problem with cellular cohesion within this type of lesion.
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And here is a focus of comedonecrosis.
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E-cadherin was performed in this case, showing complete negative staining within the lesion.
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So the diagnosis for this case, case 7, is pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ.
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Lobular carcinoma in situ is a proliferation of small and generally loosely cohesive neoplastic epithelial cells within the terminal duct lobular units.
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The difference between lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical lobular hyperplasia is basically the extent or the degree of involvement of the terminal duct lobular units.
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Generally, LCIS and ALH are considered as generalized risk markers, and that's bilateral risk, and they are not generally considered to be direct invasive breast cancer precursors.
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This is an example of lobular carcinoma in situ.
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Essentially what you have is enlarged terminal duct lobular units that have expanded acini.
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The page criteria for lobular carcinoma in situ is that at least 50% of the acini within these terminal duct lobular units is expanded by the atypical cells.
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If it's less than 50% using the Page criteria, then you're best to classify it as atypical lobular hyperplasia.
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Here is a closer view showing the asini that's expanded by the loosely cohesive population of cells.
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And by that, what we refer to are these spaces that you can see in between the cells, unlike what we saw with ductal carcinoma in situ where you could see the cell membranes and there was cohesion between the cells.
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Here it's more of a discohesive pattern.
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The cells are atypical.
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They're generally uniform, small round nuclei with hyperchromasia.
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Here's another example.
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Again, this is a terminal duct lobular unit.
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These are acini, and greater than 50% of these acini are expanded by these atypical cells, qualifying this as lobular carcinoma in situ.
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Lobular carcinoma in situ can be composed of two different cell types, so-called type A and type B cells.
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This is an example here of type B cells, and they essentially consist of slightly more atypical epithelioid cells than you usually see with LCIS.
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And they can be confused because of their atypical features and conspicuous nucleoli with pleomorphic LCIS.
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But as we saw in the previous case, pleomorphic LCIS has a much greater degree of nuclear polyomorphism, with generally a two to three fold variation in nuclear size.
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So although these look atypical with nucleoli, they lack that two to three fold variation.
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These are type B cells.
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This example shows the smaller central type A cells in comparison to the larger type B cells on the periphery.
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Another consistent feature seen in both atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ are these small cytoplasmic vacuoles within the cytoplasm of the atypical epithelial cells.
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Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ basically represents the high-grade form of lobular carcinoma in situ.
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It is actually not very common, and when you see it, you're more likely to confuse it with ductal carcinoma in situ.
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It retains this discohesive nature that you see within these lobular lesions, and what What makes it unique is the high-grade nuclei and the two- to three-fold nuclear variability.
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Again, you'll also see prominent nuclei.
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This is an example of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ with comedonecrosis, calcifications, high-grade cells.
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They easily can be confused with ductal carcinoma in situ, and in this case also a high mitotic rate.
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Question, which of the following results is the most likely for classic lobular carcinoma in situ.
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Is it going to be ER negative, PR positive, HER2 positive, ER positive, PR positive, HER2 negative, triple negative, or positive for all three?
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Classic lobular carcinoma in situ is going to co-express ER and PR and will be negative for HER2.
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The exception to the rule is pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ, which can be negative for ER and PR and can be positive for HER2.
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Question, what protein generally shows absence of expression in atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ?
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Answer, E-cadherin.
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Next question, what is the chromosomal location of the E-cadherin gene?
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chromosome 6q22.1 and losses at 16q are a feature of LCIS.
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16q loss may also be seen with flat epithelial atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, and DCIS.
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Here's an example of E-cadherin immunohistochemistry here on the left, negative in LCIS, and then positive in the normal underlying ductal structures.
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Question, you make a diagnosis of LCIS on a needle core biopsy.
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What is the patient's risk of developing invasive carcinoma?
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Answer, 8 to 10 fold increase in risk, which is similar to what we saw with low grade DCIS.
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The next question is, which breast is at risk?
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Is it the ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral breasts?
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The answer is bilateral.
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Some studies found that the ipsilateral breast may have slightly more risk in the first 5-10 years after diagnosis, but generally for the board examinations when you're dealing with LCIS lesions, the risk is considered to be bilateral.
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Question.
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The majority of invasive breast cancers that develop in women with LCIS are of what type?
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Watch out for trick questions like this because the answer is invasive ductal carcinoma.
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Classic LCIS is not generally considered to be a precursor to invasive carcinoma, but is rather a marker of risk, and again that risk is for the bilateral breasts.
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These patients can develop invasive ductal carcinoma or invasive lobular carcinoma, but invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common.
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The most appropriate management of these patients with classical LCIS is close observation with or without ER modulators such as tamoxifen.
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Question true or false, assessment of margins is important for the management of patients with LCIS?
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The answer, false.
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See the previous comments.
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Again, this is a marker of risk and not a direct precursor of invasive carcinoma.
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True or false, pleomorphic LCIS may behave more like DCIS?
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are true, these lesions should be excised with negative margins in a manner similar to DCIS.
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And the same is also suggested for cases of LCIS with comedonecrosis.
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So essentially you treat these as if they're DCIS.
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You found this on a breast biopsy.
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Your immunohistochemistry lab is on strike, so what is the diagnosis?
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Here's a closer view.
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So you have expansion of a terminal duct lobular unit as well as the acini and greater than 50% of the acini within the terminal duct lobular unit.
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On close examination, you do have some of these cribriform-like structures.
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Notice what's missing.
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You're missing that discohesive pattern and you're also missing those cytoplasmic vacuoles.
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So the diagnosis is DCIS involving terminal duct lobular units.
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Polarization of these cells at the periphery is a feature of DCIS, so that was one clue.
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And microasini, or these cribriform-like structures, is also another feature of DCIS.
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And again, in terms of pertinent negatives, the lack of discohesive properties and the lack of setoplasmic vacuoles all point towards ductal carcinoma in situ.
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So this completes cases 5 through 7.
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Luyện nghe nói qua video là một trong những phương pháp hiệu quả nhất để cải thiện khả năng giao tiếp bằng tiếng Anh. Video "Breast Pathology Cases 5 through 7" cung cấp cho người học một ngữ cảnh cụ thể, giúp họ tiếp cận thuật ngữ y khoa cũng như cách diễn đạt chuyên môn một cách tự nhiên. Khi luyện tập với video này, người học không chỉ phát triển khả năng nghe mà còn nâng cao kỹ năng nói của mình. Sử dụng phương pháp shadowing tiếng anh cho phép người học lặp lại ngay sau khi nghe, giúp cải thiện đáng kể khả năng phát âm tiếng anh chuẩn và sự tự tin khi giao tiếp.
Cấu trúc ngữ pháp & Biểu thức trong ngữ cảnh
- Abnormal/Normal: Cấu trúc này thường được sử dụng để mô tả tình trạng của sự vật, rất hữu ích khi bạn cần đưa ra những nhận xét về sức khỏe hoặc tình trạng y tế.
- Degree of expansion: Biểu thức này thường xuất hiện khi mô tả mức độ hoặc quy mô của một hiện tượng. Điều này có thể áp dụng cho nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau, từ khoa học đến giao tiếp hàng ngày.
- Relative uniformity: Đây là cách để chỉ ra rằng một đặc điểm nào đó có sự đồng nhất tương đối. Biểu thức này rất quan trọng khi thảo luận về các thuật ngữ chuyên môn hoặc kỹ thuật trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau như y học, khoa học hoặc công nghệ.
- Notice in particular: Cụm từ này rất hữu ích để hướng sự chú ý vào thông tin quan trọng, một kỹ năng giao tiếp cần thiết trong cả cuộc sống hàng ngày và trong các buổi thuyết trình chuyên nghiệp.
Các cạm bẫy phát âm phổ biến
Khi luyện nghe nói qua video, người học có thể gặp một số từ ngữ và cách phát âm khó khăn. Một số từ trong video này, như “hyperplasia” và “epithelial”, có thể gây khó khăn cho người học trong việc phát âm chính xác. Việc lặp lại các từ này theo phương pháp shadow speech sẽ giúp các bạn phát âm tiếng anh chuẩn hơn. Hơn nữa, người nói trong video có cả điểm nhấn và ngữ điệu riêng, điều này sẽ giúp người học nhận biết và làm quen với cách phát âm tự nhiên trong ngữ cảnh chuyên môn.
Bằng việc chú ý đến cách thức nói và cách phát âm các thuật ngữ y học, người học không chỉ cải thiện khả năng của mình mà còn nâng cao kiến thức chuyên môn. Khi bạn luyện tập một cách đều đặn và có hệ thống, khả năng giao tiếp và tự tin của bạn trong tiếng Anh sẽ ngày càng tăng.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.