Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Discover the History of English
Đang tạo bài học...
1
Hello. I'm Gill from engVid, and today... As you know, I usually teach an aspect of the English language, but today, we're going to be looking at the English language from a different perspective, a different angle, and looking at the history of the language and how it has developed, because the English language hasn't always been the way it is today.
2
It's developed over hundreds and hundreds of years.
3
Now, today, hundreds of millions of people speak English all over the world, whether it's their first language or their second language, or just one of the foreign languages that they speak and learn at school, and so on. So, hundreds of millions of people speak English and learn English. But hundreds of years ago, the English language that we know today didn't really exist. It sort of got put together gradually by different historical events. So we're going to go back in history now, and have a look at a timeline.
4
I don't know if you've seen a timeline before, but it is literally the time, the years going from left to right, like you get on a graph if you've done graphs, and the time goes across along the line. So the different developments that happened can be shown on that line. So we're starting here in 55 BC, hundreds of years ago, and we're coming up to... Well, beyond.
5
We have 1066, here, but because I ran out of space on the board, the time went on for such a long time, I couldn't get all the centuries in, but I will still tell you about them. Okay. But these are the very interesting parts, which are on the board.
6
So, 55 BC, the Roman invasion of Britain, of the U.K., where we are at the moment.
7
So, you've heard of the Roman Empire with Julius Caesar and all the other Caesars, the Roman Empire that spread in different directions, and Britain is one of the directions they spread in. They came here, and stayed for a while, and built some nice buildings, and they built a wall that goes across between Scotland and England, called Hadrian's Wall, because the Emperor at the time was called Hadrian. So, anyway, when they came and stayed for some time, they brought their language with them, the Latin language. Okay? And the Latin language, it's called a dead language today, but it has influenced so many other languages, especially in Southern Europe, so languages like Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, they all come from Latin.
8
So, in this country, in the English language, we have had the Latin influence at different times. So, the Romans brought their Latin language with them. Okay? So that influenced the way people were speaking to each other as time went on. And the natives of this country started learning Latin words, and it became integrated into the language.
9
Okay, so let's have a look at some of the words that we use today that were influenced or that came from Latin words. Right? And we have this pie chart, here, which you may know if you've been studying things for IELTS and the writing task. A pie chart... So, the whole circle represents 100%. So if you're thinking of all the words in the English language at the moment, Latin, the Latin words that came from... Partly from the Roman invasion, we have 29% of the words in the English language have come from a Latin origin, from a source, Latin source. Okay. So here are just a few of very words that we use every day, really.
10
Words like: "human", "animal", "dental" to do with the teeth, "decimal" which is to do with the fingers because we have 10 fingers, "decimal", and "digital", also fingers, "factory" where things are made, manufacture, "library" where you read books, "libre" meaning book, "library", the building where the books are kept, "manual" to do with if you do things with your hand it comes from the Latin word for "hand", "manual". "Lunar" to do with the moon, because the Latin word for the moon was "luna", "luna".
11
And "solar" to do with the sun, again, because the Latin word was like that, "solar".
12
"Military", anything to do with soldiers because the Latin Roman Empire soldiers were... That was the word that was used for "soldiers". "Melees" I think. And we also get our "mile", the distance, the mile from that, because that was the distance that they would march, I think, before they had a rest or something like that. So "military" is to do with soldiers. "Science" to do with knowledge. "Science", and "station", the railway station, the bus station is a place where you stand still before you move off, and that also comes from a Latin word to be static in one place. Okay. Okay, so that's the Latin. You'll notice also that later on in history, Latin kept coming back, so there and there, but that's the Latin from these three points in history when we had visitors of one sort or another.
13
Okay, so let's move on then, the next major event. I've put 450 AD, but I'm going to start putting century numbers now, because it's simpler. So, 5th... The 5th century, okay, Germanic migration. That's people from roughly where Germany is today in the mainland Europe moved across. Okay? From the Saxon, Saxon area of Germany. Saxony. So, the language they brought with them was a kind of... Well, it became Anglo-Saxon, because it got merged with the English we already had, the Anglo part, with the Saxon part added. It... And that's another name for that is Old English, Old English, which looks totally different from the English we have today. So they brought a different language with them, and that got all mixed in. If you think of a big cooking pot and different ingredients being put in, and it just keeps cooking and cooking over time, that's how it was developing. Okay.
14
So, Germanic. Let's have a look at how much Germanic language there is in English today.
15
So, looking at our pie chart again, we've got Germanic 26%, so just over a quarter of the words in the English language today come from a Germanic source. And I've put some little abbreviations here; Old English, Middle English, Old Norse, and Dutch.
16
These are all roughly sort of from the Germanic area, and the Dutch words as well are all mixed in there, too, because Holland isn't that far away either.
17
Okay. So, let's just see a few examples of the Germanic words. They're often quite short words and words we use every day, like "above", "again", "and", "apple", "bad" and "good", "cake", "eat" and "drink", parts of the body especially, "eye" and "feet" and "arm", "boy" and "girl", these are all the Germanic type of words.
18
"House", "hand", "bread", so parts of the body. "Food", all of that kind of thing.
19
Okay, so that's that one.
20
So moving on, in the 6th century, before this, we had been what you call a Pagan country, sort of pre-Christianity. In the 6th century, Saint Augustine came and started converting people to Christianity. Okay. And that meant bringing languages with him, like the Bible that was written in these different languages, other books, books of learning. So, again, Latin came in. And Greek as well came in, and Hebrew all came with the Christianity, which spread around the whole country. So we've covered Latin already. Let's just have a look at Greek in our pie chart to see how much influence that has had on the language today. So looking at Greek, it's actually quite small, just 6%.
21
But they're very sort of... They're kind of words that are used in a sort of academic life, and the word "academic" itself is one of them; "academic" is a Greek word.
22
And "Android", if you have an Android mobile phone, you wouldn't believe that it had come from an old Greek word, but it has.
23
"Android". Okay? A word like "basic", "cinema" even, "climate", "democracy", "economy", "geography", "history", "idea" because philosophy, thinking, ideas is very important and had a big... Greece had a big influence on that.
24
"Politics" and "technology" all come from Greek.
25
Okay, Hebrew, we don't have unless it's included under other one of the other influences which is another 6%.
26
Okay, so moving on to a period when we had some more invasions and it wasn't the Romans this time, it was people called the Vikings who came from Scandinavian countries, so that's Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and they came across the sea and invaded. And it wasn't just one invasion; it happened over three centuries, from the 8th to the 11th century.
27
So the Viking invasions, and they brought their Scandinavian languages with them.
28
And Old Norse is one of them. And as I said earlier, from this Germanic migration, this was another sort of input into the Germanic types of languages that we have. That's why we've got 26% because there was such a lot coming in, a lot of words, there. Okay. Right.
29
So, moving on again to the... This is 11th century as well, 1066, which is a big date in English history. The Norman invasion. And if you know the area called Normandy in Northern France, there's a connection, there. So, the Normans were French, and they invaded... They came across the channel, they had a big battle near the south coast of Britain, and they won so they took over. So the Norman invasion, that brought French for the first time and some more Latin again, because anyway, French developed from Latin, so it was a mixture of that. But French for the first time, their French that had developed from Latin, as well as Latin itself.
30
So, let's have a look at some of the words we use in English today that came from French sources.
31
Okay. So, food, French people love food and a lot of words for food came in.
32
So: "beef", "pork" and "veal" all come from French words. Okay?
33
But then some other interesting words that maybe were Latin originally, but they became French, and then these French words came into English and they're still with us today, words like: "continue", "liberty", "justice", so a lot of legal language, words to do with the law come from French.
34
So "liberty", "justice". "Journey", if you go on a trip, a journey comes from a French word.
35
"People" comes from a French word for people. And even the little word "very".
36
When you say: "Oh, that's very nice", "very" just is the French word for true, so it means "truly", "truly nice". That is truly nice, that is very nice.
37
So, a little word like "very" comes from the French word for "true". Okay.
38
Right, so we've covered Latin, French, Germanic, and Greek. And we've come up to 1066, but of course, the English language didn't stop developing then. As I said, I ran out of space.
39
But other things happened, for example, in the 15th century, 16th century, people started exploring the world, going off in ships and finding other countries, finding places like America that they didn't know was there before; Christopher Columbus. Also going the other way, and at the Portuguese, for example, found India and China. So, people explored. So, from the English point of view, we had explorers who went off and found things, and came back, and that also influenced the language because, for example, we got tobacco and potatoes from America, so the words for those things were new. Okay.
40
And then 18th, 19th century, colonialism, British Empire, Britain became involved politically in other countries, then eventually the British Empire ended and we now have the Commonwealth instead. And now in the 20th, 21st century, the language is still developing. We've got the internet, the speed of travel. It's very easy to get on a plane and travel thousands of miles and go to another country, so words keep coming back from other countries, for example.
41
So looking at from the British Empire onwards, a lot of Asian words, words from the Middle East and the far east, like "balcony" and "bangle", a bangle that you wear around your wrist, "bangle". A "bungalow", that's a house which is only one storey, a bungalow. We have quite a lot of those in this country.
42
A "guru" from India, someone who you go to for advice and help, "guru". A "kiosk", "pajamas" that you wear in bed at night to sleep in, "pajamas" are from an empire country. "Sandals" that you wear on your feet, sandals with spaces in between for hot weather. And even "shampoo" that you wash your hair with, "shampoo" is a foreign word from one of the empire countries.
43
And finally... So, we were talking about the internet and technology. If you're doing the housework and hoovering the carpet, we also say vacuuming the carpet because you use a vacuum cleaner, but one of the major brands of vacuum cleaner is the Hoover, and that was the name of the maker, the Hoover. So, but that word has now become a verb "to hoover", and "hoovering". Okay? So, names count for about 4% in the English language, so Hoover, and more recently, Google; we all use Google, and now there is a verb "to Google", so I am googling something. So... No, sorry, not like that, that's hoovering.
44
I'm googling something. So those are just two examples of names that are now part of the English language, and it's changing all the time still. So... But it's a fascinating language to study, as I hope you agree.
45
So, I hope that's been interesting for you, a bit of history.
46
And there is a quiz on the website, www.engvid.com, so I hope you'll go and give that a try.
47
And so that's all for today.
48
But come back soon, and we'll have another lesson for you. Okay?
49
Thank you. Bye.
Tại sao nên luyện nói với video này?
Video này mang đến cho bạn cơ hội tuyệt vời để luyện nói tiếng Anh trong một bối cảnh thú vị và đầy thông tin. Khi theo dõi đoạn hội thoại, bạn không chỉ học được từ vựng mới mà còn nắm bắt được cách sử dụng ngữ pháp tự nhiên trong giao tiếp hàng ngày. Việc luyện nói qua video giúp bạn cải thiện khả năng phát âm tiếng Anh chuẩn hơn, từ đó tự tin hơn khi giao tiếp với người bản ngữ. Hãy nhớ rằng, sự lặp lại và thực hành là chìa khóa để tiến bộ nhanh chóng trong việc học tiếng Anh!
Ngữ pháp và cách diễn đạt trong bối cảnh
Trong video, có một số cấu trúc ngữ pháp và cách diễn đạt nổi bật mà bạn có thể áp dụng vào việc luyện nói của mình:
- Thì hiện tại hoàn thành: Cách sử dụng "has developed" giúp bạn diễn tả sự phát triển liên tục của một ngôn ngữ hoặc một khái niệm.
- Câu điều kiện: Cấu trúc như "if you’ve been studying" cho phép bạn tạo ra tình huống giả định, khuyến khích người nghe tham gia vào cuộc trò chuyện.
- Giới từ chỉ thời gian: "over hundreds of years" cho thấy cách sử dụng giới từ để diễn tả khoảng thời gian.
Bằng cách làm quen với các cấu trúc này, bạn có thể làm phong phú thêm vốn từ vựng và khả năng giao tiếp của mình, đặc biệt là khi sử dụng phần mềm shadowing để luyện tập.
Các cạm bẫy phát âm phổ biến
Có một số từ và cụm từ trong video mà bạn có thể gặp khó khăn trong việc phát âm:
- "human": Âm "h" cần được phát âm rõ ràng để không bị nhầm lẫn với các từ khác.
- "library": Đừng quên âm "r" và "l" để phát âm chính xác từ này.
- "journey": Âm "j" có thể gây khó khăn cho một số người, hãy luyện tập để làm quen với cách phát âm này.
Hãy thử luyện phát âm những từ này qua phần mềm shadowspeaks để cải thiện kỹ năng của bạn. Bạn sẽ ngạc nhiên với sự tiến bộ của mình trong thời gian ngắn!
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.