Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: How are vaccines made? What are vaccine adjuvants immune stimulators? #myeloma

how are vaccines made so there are different ways

that it can be made one really basic part is you

have to isolate either a part of the whole tumor

and then reintroduce it to the patient with some kind of immune stimulant

so in the example of what we've been working on just

as an example What we do is we take tumor cells from a patient

and we mix them or fuse them together with powerful teachers of the immune system called dendritic cells.

And those dendritic cells, which normally live inside of us, can also be grown outside the body.

And so we take the patient's tumor, we take their dendritic cells,

we incubate them together with a special molecule that dissolves their membranes and then allows them to reform form,

so now we have a cell that's half cancer and half immune stimulator,

and those cells can be injected in the body and will stimulate or drive T cell responses.

So that's an example of a vaccine.

Another example, which has been an area that people are very interested in,

is finding mutations in a cancer and showing that those mutations make proteins that are completely new for the body,

and using those proteins as a driver of an immune response, what we call neoantigens.

And those neoantigens, again, can be introduced with ways that stimulate the immune system.

And so you're taking things that are unique to the tumor

and then stimulating the immune system around them so the patient will make an immune response.

As an example, when we do our, what we call, fusion vaccine,

we take a patient -derived myeloma cell and we mix it and fuse it together with the patient's own dendritic cell.

There are other examples of myeloma vaccines where pieces of the myeloma,

certain proteins, for instance, there's a protein called MAGE A3 that's been used to make vaccines.

One of the, I would say, challenges is that when you're stimulating the patient's own immune system,

one of the hurdles you have to get over is how well does their immune system work?

Will it respond to a vaccine?

This was an important issue, for instance, with COVID where people said, well, would a myeloma patient respond to the COVID vaccine or do their T cells not work as well?

And is that part of the reason why they have myeloma to begin with?

So if you're using a vaccine, you have to be mindful of that.

And a lot of the strategies now have been to take a vaccine

and maybe mix it together with strategies to help the immune system function better.

What are vaccine adjuvants or immune stimulators?

We use the word adjuvant, and what it means is that you're trying to do something that will stir up the immune system.

We know the tumor is present inside the body, and it has its antigens on it, but somehow it's not causing a response, otherwise you'd make a response.

Interestingly, we know that some myeloma does actually induce a response,

and we think that one of the things that causes myeloma to grow more aggressively is when that response starts to disappear.

So, when we look at the stages of myeloma development, often early on, there is an immune response that's keeping it in check.

And later on, that immune response is lost.

So the vaccine is trying to restart that immune response.

So you need something beyond just the protein or the adjuvant to stir up the immune system.

The adjuvant, I should say, is a way that is something that stimulates inflammation and will drive that response.

The dendritic cell is almost another form of an adjuvant, a living adjuvant, that basically takes up that antigen

and presents it to the immune system in a way that tends to be more effective.

What are dendritic cells?

So dendritic cells are teachers of the immune system.

The way the immune system works is that when a T cell meets a potential target, it looks for danger signals.

And if it doesn't see those danger signals, it thinks what it's meeting is friendly and it leaves it alone.

In fact, that's how when we have T cells that meet, for instance, our own skin or other tissues, they know to not get activated, to not kill.

So what a dendritic cell does is it's a teacher for the T cells of what to leave alone

and what to go after.

It often is loaded with those stimulatory signals that tell a T cell, when you see this protein when you see this antigen get excited go after it

if you see this one don't get excited

so it's a very important tool

if you're trying to re -educate the immune system to see tumor cells as foreign

or their antigens as foreign dendritic cells can be very powerful

teachers they are blood cells they migrate throughout the body they

often live initially at sites where disease comes in for instance like the respiratory epithelium

or the skin and then when they meet their antigen

and they travel to lymph nodes where they then meet T cells and stimulate them.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: How are vaccines made? What are vaccine adjuvants immune stimulators? #myeloma

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