跟讀練習: Every Cybersecurity Interview Question and Answer in 35 minutes - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

每種模式都會開啟全屏練習室。

520 句

如果句子過短或過長，請點選 Edit 進行調整。

So if you have a cybersecurity interview tomorrow or

if you've been studying cybersecurity for a while and you want to see what interview questions we ask entry -level candidates,

then this video will have everything that you need.

I'm going to share with you 25 entry -level cybersecurity interview questions and answers from real cybersecurity professionals.

In each question, you will get the correct answer and the incorrect answer.

This way, you learn what to do and what not to do in an interview.

Now the video is divided into five sections.

Each section will contain five interview questions focusing on one cyber security specialization.

Now I didn't prepare all those questions.

I've prepared five questions with the focus on GRC.

I've reached out to four cyber security professionals each with expertise in different domains.

So for general entry -level cyber security questions,

my friend Sandra have prepared five questions and for questions focused on security operation center or SOC analyst skills my friend

Josh who is a highly experienced cyber security professional especially

when it comes to detecting and responding to cyber attacks have prepared five questions

and for network security I reached out to Royden who is a network security engineer

and he prepared five entry -level questions focused on network security

and finally for cloud security my friend William prepared really interesting cloud security focused questions.

Now after each section I will also be sharing with you five common interview mistakes

that I see entry -level candidates make all the time.

Now I've been a hiring manager for a long time

and trust me when I tell you this I see the same mistakes over and over.

So please make sure you don't skip watch the video until the end because it's packed with important information.

Starting with part one general cyber security questions.

Starting with question one, how do you stay current with cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity news?

And the wrong answer is?

Yeah, so I just scroll through Twitter and see what people are talking about.

If something big happens, I usually find out since someone will eventually tell me about it.

The correct answer would be?

So I subscribe to threat intelligence feeds like CISA and Krebs on Security.

I also actively follow CVE announcements and participate in cybersecurity communities like the Reddit NetSec and OWASP.

And I also run my own home lab environments to test emerging threats

so I can understand them hands -on and get some hands -on experience as well.

Question number two, explain the difference between a vulnerability, a threat, and risk.

And the wrong answer is?

I mean, they're all basically the same thing.

And the correct answer is?

So a vulnerability is a weakness in a system.

A threat is something that can exploit that vulnerability.

And the risk is the potential impact if that threat was successful.

For example, if an unpatched server is a vulnerability, ransomware is the threat, and the risk is data loss and downtime.

Question 3 is a practical question, so walk me through the steps that you will take to investigate a phishing incident.

And the wrong answer is?

I'd probably just tell the user to delete the email and move on.

It happens every day, so I can't respond to every single user that gets a phishing email.

And the correct answer is?

Okay, so first I'd isolate the affected user and then collect the email headers and content, and then I'd check the sender domain,

any links, any attachments that are in the email, using sandboxing tools.

If there is a compromise suspected, then I'll also review login activity for suspicious access, reset credentials, and also scan for persistence.

And then finally, I'd have to document all this into an incident

and deploy awareness messaging to prevent any reoccurrence for other future users that might be getting the same email.

Question number four is what would you do if you detect an alert at 2 a .m.?

And the wrong answer is...

I usually wait until morning unless it looks serious.

I mean, someone more senior on the team will eventually answer the alert before I ever do.

And the correct answer is...

Yeah, so this will depend on the severity classification.

So for critical alerts tied to high -risk assets, typically for these, I'll immediately investigate using any logs or SIM queries.

And if confirmed, then I'll follow the escalation runbook and notify the on -call team

and then for lower priority alerts i'll usually log them

and batch them for review during scheduled response hours question number five is tell me about a time

when you had to explain something technical to a non -technical stakeholder

and the wrong answer is uh i just told them they wouldn't understand

so i didn't even bother to explain and just handled it myself

and the correct answer is

so in a previous role a manager was frustrated about multi -factor authentication delays and instead of going deep into authentication protocols,

I basically explained to them that MFA acts like a second lock on their door.

It adds a few seconds but prevents any costly break -ins.

Then they immediately understood the trade -off and supported enforcing MFA org -wide.

So those are really common questions that we ask sometimes to just get to know the candidates,

how they talk, how they think and obviously Sandra was joking with some of those incorrect answers.

Now the first mistake that candidates make all the time

that I don't want you to make

which is really don't go to the interview unprepared and by preparation I mean know yourself stuff.

For example, the question about the difference between a vulnerability and a threat and a risk.

Really, really basic stuff.

And you'd be surprised how many candidates get that wrong.

Now as an entry level candidate, I always recommend that you do something like the Google Cyber Security set.

Why?

Because it actually covers all of these beginner concepts in an easy to understand manner.

They go into detail into these definitions, but they also teach you things like operating systems and networking, which are really common interview questions as well.

You can't bluff your way into the interview because we will quickly know whether you know your stuff or not.

And as an entry -level candidate, the Google Cybersecurity Cert actually gives you 30 % discount to get the CompTIA Security Plus,

which is a good combination that covers a lot of the concepts that we ask about in interviews.

I'll leave a link to all the resources in the description box below, so keep an eye out for any discounts or any offers.

Now part two of this video, we're gonna cover questions focused on Security Operations Center and the defensive side of cybersecurity.

However, remember, these are not advanced questions.

These are entry -level questions.

And for that, my friend

Josh has prepared the questions and answers.

Question number one, what are the key differences between patch management and vulnerability management?

And how do they work together in a cybersecurity program?

And the wrong answer is?

Yeah, so the key differences between patch management and vulnerability management, patch management just means applying the patches on the different computers,

where vulnerability management means remediating the vulnerabilities

and these things come together to make the environment more secure

and the correct answer is yeah so the key differences between vulnerability management

and patch management so patches are pretty much always counted as vulnerabilities it's

when an update or something comes out for an os

100

or a platform you apply a patch to it to kind of like fix the hole

101

or remediate whatever happened where vulnerabilities are not always patches vulnerabilities can be misconfigurations in an operating system, an open port on a firewall,

102

some out -of -date software.

103

It can be many different things.

104

So patches are like a subset of vulnerabilities and patch management

105

and vulnerability management come together to help reduce the overall risk of the organization

106

and keep it low through like an iterative patch management and vulnerability management life cycle.

107

Question number two, walk me through how you would detect and monitor cyber threats in a security

108

Operations Center, what tools and frameworks would you use?

109

And the incorrect answer is?

110

Yeah, so to monitor and detect potential threats in a SOC, we would use our SIM, we'd configure alert rules in there,

111

and then when an alert got triggered, we would just respond to it.

112

And then as far as frameworks go, we would probably just stick to NIST.

113

And the correct and better answer is?

114

Yeah, so how I would monitor, detect, and respond to potential threats in the Security Operations Center, as well as what frameworks I might utilize.

115

So in my personal environment, I use an EDR platform as well as a SIM, EDR being Endpoint Detection Response, and then SIM being

116

Security Information and Event Management System.

117

So basically the EDR platform, we use Microsoft Defender for Endpoints,

118

and we will install an agent on all the end user devices as well as the servers.

119

And these will collect logs and will send them to a centralized repository, which will be forwarded to the SIM and then both the EDR platform

120

and the sim has the ability to look at the logs like at a holistic level

121

and correlate events that are happening and

122

if something anomalous comes up we have the ability to spin up an alert

123

and the alert can be created like either in the EDR platform

124

or the sim we typically will use the sim as a more centralized area for incident management

125

and as far as working incidents we'll stick to NIST 861 the incident response the computer incident response lifecycle.

126

Pretty much all security incidents can be handled with this.

127

It basically goes like detection and then the analysis of the incident to make sure it's like a true positive.

128

And then you move on to like the containment

129

and eradication of it and then the recovery phase

130

and then a postmortem to see like what you can fix and make it better in the future.

131

Question number three, tell me about the time

132

when you had to respond to a cybersecurity incident and what was the outcome of that?

133

And the wrong answer is?

134

Yeah, so responding to an incident.

135

One time at work, one of our virtual machines was exposed to the internet

136

and some hackers brute forced it and got logged into it

137

and ended up spreading crypto miner like ransomware all throughout the network.

138

We ended up getting a warning from Microsoft saying that there was Moses traffic coming from our organization.

139

In the end, I think we had to just delete a bunch of virtual machines

140

and then write a letter back to Microsoft.

141

And the correct answer would be?

142

Yeah, so a time when I had to respond to a cybersecurity incident.

143

So one time in our Azure subscription, one of the main network security groups, it's kind of like a firewall, had a misconfiguration in it.

144

And it was allowing all kinds of traffic inbound and outbound.

145

It was like a total, total mistake.

146

But eventually, of course, a lot of the virtual machines in our subscription were discovered on the public Internet.

147

And this happened really fast.

148

Like a brute force attack happened somebody got logged into one of the virtual machines

149

and then they spread laterally throughout the network and they installed crypto miners on probably like

150

it was like five virtual machines

151

and after this very quickly those five virtual machines would launch attacks outbound to the network

152

and they were attacking all sorts of different organizations

153

and microsoft actually noticed this because the organizations reported it and they sent a warning

154

to my personal email saying that we need to stop that

155

or the sub the whole subscription is going to be brought down, which had over like about 350 virtual machines inside of it,

156

as well as like almost a thousand users.

157

So very quickly, the task at hand was to immediately quarantine everything

158

and stop the inbound and outbound traffic as soon as possible.

159

So this basically involved me making an inbound firewall rule on

160

the network security group to prevent almost all traffic inbound

161

and then the outbound traffic was heavily heavily limited to tcp port 443

162

and then a couple other ports that were required

163

and then after this initial quarantine um

164

i led an investigation to figure out like where the actual

165

like uh compromise happened like the port of entry how far everything spread

166

and then what actually ended up getting affected

167

and then after everything was identified the machines were not really critical to what we were doing they're not business critical.

168

So we could easily like immediately shut them down and just wipe the virtual machines.

169

And then after everything was wiped, the firewall rules were verified that the inbound and outbound traffic was as it was supposed to be.

170

And then Microsoft was alerted of our remediation efforts and then operations returned to normal.

171

Question number four, how would you prioritize and communicate security risks to non -technical stakeholders?

172

And the wrong answer is?

173

Yeah.

174

So to prioritize and communicate security risks to a non -technical audience, we just do our best to use words that they're more likely to understand,

175

like less technical jargon.

176

We try to dumb it down as much as possible with the hopes that they understand.

177

And the correct answer is?

178

So to prioritize and communicate security risks to non -technical stakeholders and leadership, basically it just comes down to speaking their language.

179

And in order to do that, you have to understand what those particular groups of people care about.

180

So generally speaking for non -technical people,

181

you just want to relate what you're saying to some kind of easy to understand real life scenario the best

182

you can and then in terms of elite leadership

183

and then in terms of leadership

184

and especially senior leadership you want to quantify everything you're saying like put a dollar amount

185

or some kind of number on it

186

so they can understand they have to understand things at a really high level

187

and you can't be talking about like binaries like like really specific vulnerabilities

188

and stuff like that you have to like equate it to like the big picture

189

and put a number on it and then how it will affect the business from like a quantitative or a numbers standpoint.

190

Question number five, how do you see AI used to enhance cybersecurity defenses

191

and what potential risks would it introduce to the environment?

192

And the wrong answer is?

193

Yeah, so how I see AI being used to enhance cyber defense and the associated risks,

194

there's definitely going to be a lot of companies coming out with solutions

195

that use AI and machine learning to quickly find anomalies and raise alerts faster than a human analyst would.

196

And as far as risks go, I think a lot of jobs are at risk of being taken over by AI and machine learning,

197

especially in cybersecurity.

198

I've been seeing a lot on Reddit about this lately.

199

And the correct answer is?

200

Yeah, so how I see AI enhancing cyber defenses?

201

I'm actually experimenting with this quite a bit.

202

I created a cybersecurity AI agent that uses ChatGPT's API endpoint

203

that will do a threat hunt against really large log sets

204

and try to correlate the data and see if anything anomalous or malicious comes out in the logs.

205

And I've come to find that it can analyze the logs

206

and create a threat report like 200 to 300 times faster than a human can do it, depending on the model that you use.

207

And it just works really, really well.

208

So there's a lot of applications for LLMs.

209

And as far as generative AI goes, there's a lot of applications for this as well.

210

But one of the ones that really stands out to me is being able to do really customized phishing campaigns.

211

You can prompt the AI to have it do certain scenarios

212

or certain levels of difficulty with different typos

213

or try to make it really, really hard

214

and we'll craft like a phishing campaign email

215

and you can use those to like test your users and then test your security awareness training and security posture.

216

But as far as risks go, there's a lot of risks as well.

217

Like some of them, when it comes to my, the agentic AI that I built for threat hunting,

218

like some of the risks around that are you have to provide guardrails for it

219

because if you just let the agent do whatever, it might end up spending too much money

220

if it uses the wrong model or

221

if it analyzes like.. really huge data set

222

that doesn't need to be analyzed um you could have excessive spend some other risks are depending

223

if you're like in -housing the model like

224

if you're using like i forget what it's called

225

but like open ai for azure for example where you can

226

in -house the model versus using open ai's like their model

227

like you don't want to be sending user data to

228

that public endpoint model because you don't you don't know what they're doing with it right

229

so you need to be considerate of that, like where you're sending the data, right?

230

And you need to be considerate of what kind of data that you're sending to the model.

231

Or if you're like training the model,

232

you don't really want to send PII to it or like some other data that could get you in trouble.

233

There's just a lot to worry about in terms of like data privacy and guardrails.

234

But yeah, that's been my experience with it.

235

So I think people are going to use generative AI specifically and large language models a lot for analysis in the future.

236

So I really like the way that

237

Josh has framed his answers, both the incorrect and the correct.

238

And if you noticed, a lot of the incorrect answers were actually correct.

239

However, the good answer was a lot better because in many instances, it actually had a lot of details.

240

And those details show that you have done the work.

241

Which brings me to the second big mistakes that people make in cybersecurity interviews,

242

which is just learning theory if someone have just learned theory through multiple choice based certifications and questions and answers, usually they answer the way that

243

Josh answered the wrong way, which is they have surface level answers and they probably have memorized them however, if you notice the way

244

Josh answered in a good way, he gave you a lot more details so when he talked about a cyber security incident he investigated,

245

he showed you a real example where he followed methodology

246

he was able to tell you precisely what framework he used and what he used it for.

247

This is not something that you can memorize.

248

This is something that you have to do it practically.

249

And the way to do that is by doing practical hands -on training that I talk about in my videos.

250

You cannot theorize your way into a cyber security job.

251

It's really easy for me

252

or any hiring manager to quickly find out whether you've done the work practically or you've just memorized stuff.

253

Now if you haven't worked in a security operation center and you don't have an example of an incident,

254

you can share an example of an incident that you've done in a practical hands -on lab using platforms that I recommend.

255

I covered all of this practical hands -on training in this video.

256

Please check it out and make sure you do everything in the video

257

if you want to have the confidence to pass cybersecurity interviews.

258

Now in part 3 of the video, I will share with you 5 cybersecurity GRC questions that we ask for entry -level candidates.

259

However, please note that these questions we also ask for general cybersecurity jobs.

260

So even if the job is not GRC, those are basic foundational knowledge that everyone in cybersecurity should know the answer to.

261

Let's unpack it in part 3 of this video, GRC.

262

Question 1.

263

What's the purpose of a risk register?

264

And the wrong way to answer this is to say something like,

265

the risk register is just a list of problems that we identified and we only updated when there is a cyber attack.

266

So it has a list of things like phishing attacks and compromised user accounts.

267

Now the correct way to answer this is to say the risk register is a document used to track risks,

268

their likelihood, their impact, their assigned owners, and any mitigation strategies or compensating controls.

269

It helps organizations manage risks.

270

It also gives visibility to senior stakeholders of all the risks that their systems or organization is exposed to,

271

and it helps ensure that risks are managed in line with the risk appetite of the organization.

272

Question number two, what's the difference between a policy and a procedure?

273

The incorrect answer is to say that a policy and a procedure are exactly the same thing.

274

It's just a way to tell people to do something.

275

For example, a policy or a procedure just tells you that the password should be 16 characters long.

276

Now, the correct answer is the policy sets a high level rule or expectation,

277

whereas the procedure tells you exactly how to implement that rule or that expectation.

278

For example, the policy will tell you that you need to have your data protected by certain encryption standards.

279

The procedure, however should tell you exactly how to encrypt the data

280

and what steps you need to take to protect that data.

281

The procedure will also have details about access levels and who can access what and the steps to implement that.

282

Question number three.

283

Why is compliance important in cyber security?

284

The incorrect answer is to say something like compliance is just paperwork

285

and tick the box exercise that we need to do because of auditors.

286

It doesn't actually provide any real security to the organization.

287

The correct answer is to say that compliance is something necessary for organizations to meet their contractual obligation,

288

their legal obligation, and their regulatory obligations.

289

It's an essential requirement for the organization to exist and do business.

290

Additionally, it provides a level of trust for their customers.

291

For example, providing an evidence that the application that you sell to customers is ISO 27001 certified.

292

will provide a level of assurance to the customers that your organization takes information security seriously.

293

Question number four is what is asset management and why is it important for organizations?

294

The incorrect answer would be to say

295

that asset management is simply having a list of all the serial numbers of all the tools

296

and devices that the organization have without really explaining why.

297

The correct answer would be to say that asset management is the process

298

that the organization should establish to identify and classify all of their assets.

299

Those assets could be information assets, they could be applications, they could be software, could be hardware, or they could be intellectual property,

300

or even key personnel with certain expertise.

301

Those assets should be classified as per criticality and sensitivity and the importance to the organization, and there should be an established process to identify

302

and regularly update an information asset register where we track all the assets based on their criticality and sensitivity.

303

We also need to use the asset register.

304

The asset register is also important for the organization to prioritize protecting certain assets.

305

For example, an application holding extremely sensitive data should be a priority for the organization to invest in protecting that application.

306

Whereas another application that doesn't hold sensitive data, the organization can afford not to put expensive security controls to protect that application.

307

Question number five, what's the difference between inherent risk and residual risk?

308

The incorrect answer would be to say

309

that the residual risk is the risk that's left after we implement something and we don't care about it,

310

while the inherent risk is something we cannot protect.

311

Now the correct answer would be the inherent risk is the risk that we have before we implement a control.

312

For example, if we have an application exposed to the internet,

313

well the inherent risk is that it will most definitely be attacked by bots and hackers and random attacks.

314

That's the inherent risk.

315

Now when we apply a control such as a web application firewall, we reduce that risk.

316

However, the risk is not going to be zero.

317

So there will be residual risk.

318

There will be other risk.

319

For example, we still need to manage user access to that application.

320

So that's another risk.

321

And therefore, we need to apply further controls.

322

And in the real world, no matter how many controls we apply, we will always have a level of residual risk.

323

We just need to determine what residual risk the organization is happy to accept in line with their risk appetite

324

now those grc questions believe it or not are actually entry -level

325

and we ask them to candidates even for jobs like sock analysts sometimes

326

or even cloud security professional

327

and the reason is as a cyber security professional you're expected to know what risks mean

328

and how to handle it especially

329

if the job is more of a generalist where you're expected to do more than one thing

330

this is really common for small to medium -sized organizations where

331

they can't afford to have someone who's dedicated to doing just one thing now the biggest mistake

332

that i see candidates make when it comes to entry -level interviews is

333

that they are hyper focused on one specialization for example i'll look at their resume

334

and all they've done is penetration testing or all they've done is incident response

335

or detection engineering this is all well

336

and fine however as i said a lot of jobs are looking for someone who's a generalist

337

so they have knowledge in more than one area

338

and therefore i highly encourage you to diversify your skills and add at least GRC and cloud security to your knowledge.

339

Now for GRC we cover all of this in detail in GRC Mastery

340

so go to grcmastery .com have a look at it.

341

It's fully practical fully hands -on with practical use cases using real companies reports.

342

So please check it out to give yourself a better chance at passing cyber security interviews.

343

Now part four of this video is focused on network security questions and again those are entry -level cyber security questions.

344

The questions are prepared by my friend Roy

345

and I'll put a link to his YouTube channel in the description box of this video

346

so please make sure to check it out and let's see the questions.

347

So question number one, what is the difference between a firewall and an IPS slash IDS?

348

So the incorrect answer is they're basically both the same thing

349

and they block hackers from entering your network and in theory you just need one of them to do the job.

350

The correct answer is A firewall filters traffic based on security rules, allowing or blocking traffic, and usually sits at the network perimeter.

351

An intrusion detection system usually is used to detect network threats and attacks and alerts the administrator,

352

whereas an IPS can block these attacks in real time.

353

For a layered defense approach, all three of them are highly recommended.

354

But in today's time, firewalls come with an IDS and IPS built in, and therefore they are called as next generation firewalls.

355

So question number two, what is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption?

356

The incorrect answer is symmetric encryption is older and slower, whereas asymmetric encryption is the one that everyone uses today.

357

Symmetric encryption uses just one key, whereas asymmetric encryption uses two keys.

358

The correct answer is that symmetric encryption is the one that uses one key and is generally very fast.

359

However, it tends to be a little unsecure when it comes to actually sharing the key.

360

Asymmetric encryption, on the other hand, uses a public and private key pair.

361

The public key is used by the sender when it's encrypting a message,

362

whereas the message is then decrypted on the receiver's end using the private key.

363

SSL TLS uses a good combination of symmetric and asymmetric encryption.

364

All right, question number four.

365

What is a VPN? and why do we need it?

366

So the incorrect answer to this is, a VPN is mainly used to hide your IP so that you can watch Netflix from other countries.

367

Companies generally use VPNs so that users can connect into the office network.

368

The correct answer is that a VPN

369

or a virtual private network creates an encrypted tunnel from the user to the site that it's trying to access.

370

Companies use it because it helps protect data that's going through the tunnel from any eavesdropping or network -based interception attacks.

371

With regards to VPNs, you've got different types of VPNs like side -to -side VPNs, SSL VPNs, remote access VPNs, cloud VPNs, etc. Question number four,

372

what are the common types of network attacks?

373

An incorrect answer to this question is that hackers usually just guess passwords or use viruses.

374

But as long as you've got an antivirus installed, you should be good and you don't need to worry about it.

375

The correct answer for this is going to be network -based attacks are of different types, such as DOS or DDoS,

376

where you've got a lot of packets flooding the network, for example.

377

You've also got man in the middle where communications are intercepted by a hacker.

378

You've also got phishing attacks where hackers try to trick you into revealing your credentials, for example.

379

In order to evade these types of network attacks, you can have a lot of defenses in place such as network segmentation,

380

monitoring, as well as using strong encryption standards.

381

And question number five, how would you secure a company's

382

Wi -Fi network?

383

So the incorrect answer would be that just set a strong password so that nobody can guess it easily.

384

What you can also do is just hide the network SSID so that hackers can't find your wireless network.

385

The correct answer for this would be at start of by first using WPA3 encryption and also disable WPS.

386

I would also change the default credentials on all of the routers.

387

Along with this, I would look to enable

388

Mac filtering as well.

389

What I would then do is segment your network using VLAN segmentation and have them on different firewall zones,

390

one for a guest network and one for the staff or corporate network.

391

And finally, I would then use StackAx or Radius for authenticating users.

392

Now, as you can see, a lot of the answers that

393

Troy provided, the wrong ones weren't really wrong.

394

However, to really stand out, you need to provide a level of detail that show that you have true understanding, which as I said earlier,

395

only comes from practical hands -on learning.

396

Now the fourth big mistake that I see a lot of entry -level candidates make is

397

that they don't do enough research on the job.

398

Now this can get confusing, so let me clarify it for you.

399

For example, let's say you have an interview tomorrow with an insurance company.

400

What I want you to do is just research what the company does and what it's all about.

401

Now some people spend so much time doing this and they start reading financial reports.

402

Please don't do that, it's really not required.

403

It also doesn't really impress anyone.

404

Just know what the company does or I'm really passionate about policies because everyone knows that you're just making stuff up.

405

So you're not fooling anyone.

406

Be honest, be truthful and know your stuff.

407

That's the most important thing.

408

Now, part five is a favorite of mine, which is cloud security.

409

The questions are prepared by my friend William.

410

I'll leave a link to his Instagram account.

411

He posts a lot of good stuff about cloud security.

412

So please pay attention.

413

And remember, those questions are really common.

414

I ask them for most of my entry level cybersecurity interviews, even if the job is not specifically cloud security.

415

Let's go to part five, which is cloud security.

416

Hey nerds, W .J.

417

Pearce here.

418

Really excited to be on this Unix guy video.

419

I want to start with five beginner cloud security interview questions that I think you might be asked in an upcoming interview.

420

So for each one, I'm going to give you what I feel would be a really good and correct answer.

421

And then I'll give you a incorrect and maybe not so full picture answer.

422

So question one, What is Role -Based Access Control or RBAC and how is it implemented in a cloud platform?

423

So role -based access control is a security model effectively where permissions are assigned to roles rather than individual users

424

and users are then assigned to those roles based on their job function.

425

So in a cloud platform like AWS using IAM, RBAC is implemented by creating roles like developer,

426

security, auditor, database admin, and then specific permissions are assigned to those roles.

427

You then assign users or service accounts to those roles.

428

This kind of simplifies the whole permissions management

429

and ensures users only have access to what they need for what they're responsible for.

430

And that's also known as the principle of least privilege, which you've probably heard before.

431

A wrong answer here might be that RBAC means each user has their own custom role with specific permissions tailored to them.

432

And that's wrong because that's sort of the - opposite of what RBAC is.

433

RBAC uses like a shared standardized roles based on job functions, not user customization.

434

So the latter thing that you would be describing there is direct user permission assignment,

435

which is an option, but it doesn't really scale and it's very hard to manage.

436

Moving on to question number two, and I was actually asked this in my first ever cloud security interview.

437

What is the difference between encryption at rest and encryption in transit and of a cloud -based example.

438

So encryption at rest protects data while it's stored on a disk or a database, ensuring that if somebody does gain access to it,

439

you know, the storage or the backup media, they can't read the data without the encryption keys.

440

Now, you might already know that.

441

But encryption in transit, however, protects data while it's moving between two different locations,

442

like from a user's browser to a server or between two different cloud services.

443

And it effectively prevents successful eavesdropping attempts during transmission.

444

Now in the context of the cloud, at rest think about your files stored in AWS S3.

445

In a bucket they're encrypted using AES256 encryption on the disk.

446

And in transit when you upload those files to S3 they travel over HTTPS or TLS, encrypting the data as it moves across the internet.

447

Now a wrong answer here might be that encryption in transit is only needed for public internet connections.

448

Internal cloud traffic doesn't need it.

449

Now that's wrong because even within a cloud environment, traffic between two different services, it really should be encrypted.

450

Attackers who do gain access to your VPC or your network, they can intercept unencrypted traffic and then they could, you know, read it.

451

It's all about minimizing that blast radius

452

if an attacker does get into your network with encrypted internal traffic there's not much they can do.

453

Question three a real fundamental one here what is a security group

454

or a network security group and how does it work in a cloud based environment?

455

So a security group is a virtual firewall effectively that controls inbound

456

and outbound traffic to your cloud resources so like a virtual machine

457

or a container and it works by defining rules that specify

458

which traffic is allowed based on a couple of things protocol port and source and destination IP addresses.

459

Now security groups are stateful, which means if you allow inbound traffic,

460

the return traffic is automatically allowed without needing a separate outbound rule.

461

If you remember one thing from my section of this video, it's the difference between stateful and stateless security groups.

462

So a wrong answer here would be that a security group encrypts traffic that's passing through it.

463

Now I've heard that answer before and it's wrong.

464

Why is it wrong?

465

Well security groups only control whether traffic is allowed or denied.

466

They don't actually encrypt or decrypt or even inspect the contents of the traffic.

467

Question four and a personal favorite of mine really important if you want to be a cloud security engineer.

468

What is infrastructure as code or IEC and what are the security benefits?

469

So infrastructure as code is the practice of managing infrastructure through code rather than manual configuration.

470

Now there's a ton of security benefits that you get from this

471

and some of them might include consistency which is going to help you minimize

472

that human error that you typically get from a manual setup.

473

Next you get version control and that means you can track all your changes and who made them.

474

You get automated security scanning if you configure it mean

475

that you can start detecting those security misconfigurations before deployment and finally you get repeatability,

476

which means all those security controls that you've spent a long time building up, they're applied consistently across all your cloud environments.

477

Now, a wrong answer here would be that IAC is mainly for automation and speed.

478

It doesn't really improve security.

479

Now, that's wrong, and it's wrong because IAC significantly improves security through that consistency and the ability to catch misconfigurations early.

480

Now, manual configurations are super error -pone and really hard to audit.

481

IEC makes security controls repeatable and verifiable.

482

Finally, the last question here and something I consistently talk about, one of the most important questions,

483

what is the purpose of secrets management in a cloud -based environment?

484

Now, a really good answer here I think would be

485

that secrets management is the practice of securely storing and accessing and managing sensitive information.

486

So what do we mean by that?

487

So think about things like password, API keys, database credentials and tokens.

488

The purpose here is to prevent secrets from being hard -coded into application code or configuration files.

489

They provide a place of centralized control and they enable automatic rotation of credentials, which is pretty cool.

490

They ensure secrets are encrypted both at rest and in transit.

491

And long story short, proper secrets management reduces the risk of credential exposure and credential based attacks.

492

Now if you want to set this up you can make use of something like HashiCorp Vault or AWS Secrets Manager.

493

Seriously, if you learn one thing from this video, learn secrets management.

494

And a not so good answer here would be that secrets management is just about encrypting passwords in a database.

495

Now that's not entirely wrong, but it's not the full picture.

496

Secrets management is a much broader topic and it includes things like secure storage, access, control, auditing, logging, automatic rotation,

497

distribution to applications, and lifecycle management.

498

It's not just about encryption, it's the entire process of handling sensitive credentials.

499

That's all for me.

500

If you're interested in a career in cloud security, drop a comment below

501

because I think it's really cool to see how many people are actually passionate about this field these days.

502

I've been W .J.

503

Pearce.

504

I'm now going to pass it back to Unix guy.

505

Now, as you can see, William has given you so much detail and information that's really important for anyone who wants to work in cybersecurity.

506

Now, the fifth and in my opinion, the biggest mistake that entry -level candidates make in interviews is,

507

believe it or not, coming unprepared especially with knowledge i know i said at the beginning know your stuff

508

but what i see is sometimes candidates only do one certification for example they'll only do comp day security plus

509

and that's it and then they are surprised

510

when we ask them questions about cloud or grc

511

or network security yes the google cyber security certificate is a great start however this is just a starting point

512

if you are a minimalist and you just want to do one

513

or two training courses then you are going to be disappointed.

514

Yes, some people will be able to land the job with just one training course.

515

However, most of us had to do a lot more.

516

Cybersecurity is a new field for you and you need to give yourself a chance to land the job.

517

Therefore, I highly, highly recommend you follow this roadmap

518

because I lay out a progressive step -by -step plan for you to follow

519

that will build your skills and will enable you to pass any cybersecurity interview.

520

Check it out and I'll see you there.

下載應用

流利口語所需的一切

AI 發音評分逐句打分

音標練習掌握每個音

詞彙學習建立你的詞庫

詞彙遊戲邊玩邊學

掃碼

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

FOR YOU

本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“Every Cybersecurity Interview Question and Answer in 35 minutes”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：security, answer, risk, network。這段影片共有 520 個句子、6920 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 36:56。說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 187 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。 82% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
cloud 名詞	/ˈklaʊ̯d/	йүн, 雲 /雲
encryption 名詞	/ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/	加密
vulnerability 名詞	/ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/	脆弱性
incorrect 形容詞	/ˌɪn.kəˈɹɛkt/	不對, 不對
alert 形容詞	/əˈlɝt/	警惕
practical 形容詞	/ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/	使用的, 實用 /實用
log 名詞	/lɔɡ/	圓木 /圓木
detect 動詞	/dɪˈtɛkt/	察覺 /察覺, 發覺 /發覺
procedure 名詞	/pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/	做法, 方法
whereas	/(h)wɛɹˈæz/	然而
asset 名詞	/ˈæsɛt/	資產 /資產
implement 動詞	/ˈɪmpləmənt/	實施 /實施, 執行 /執行
transit 名詞	/ˈtɹæn.zɪt/	通過 /通過
password 名詞	/ˈpæs.wɜɹd/	密碼 /密碼, 口令
inherent 形容詞	/ɪnˈhɪəɹənt/	固有, 內在 /內在

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
end up 動詞	到達
find out 動詞	找出, 查明
come up 動詞	上來 /上來
figure out 動詞	弄清楚
go through 動詞	通過 /通過
take over 動詞	接管, 接手

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：

I mean, they're all basically the same thing.
I'm actually experimenting with this quite a bit.
What's the purpose of a risk register?
Let's go to part five, which is cloud security.
Check it out and I'll see you there.

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
現在完成進行時 have/has been + -ing — 以前開始、現在仍在繼續的動作	you've been studying · I've been seeing
條件句 if + 從句，will/would + 動詞 — 條件及其結果	if confirmed, then I'll follow
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	I've prepared · I've reached · have prepared
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is divided · was frustrated · will be forwarded

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 97 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, you're, you've。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: encryption /ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/, detection /dɪˈtɛk.ʃən/, subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/, passionate /ˈpæʃənɪt/, rotation /ɹoʊˈteɪʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, residual /ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.u.əl/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/, server /ˈsɝvɚ/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: cloud /ˈklaʊ̯d/, incorrect /ˌɪn.kəˈɹɛkt/, patch /pæt͡ʃ/, alert /əˈlɝt/, log /lɔɡ/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, residual /ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.u.əl/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 cloud, encryption, vulnerability 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Every Cybersecurity Interview Question and Answer in 35 minutes - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

下載應用

推薦影片

The Essential UX Interview Questions (And How To Answer Them!)

Every Cybersecurity Beginner Should Watch This First (Networking Fundamentals)

How to Pass Your SY0-701 Security+ Exam in 2026

Excellent 2 Years AWS DevOps Engineer Mock Interview with Questions and Answers | Cloud | Docker

IT System Administrator Interview Questions and Answers | How to Pass an IT System Admin Interview

QUALITY CONTROL Interview Questions & Answers! (Inspector, Manager + Assessor Interview Questions!

🔥HR Interview Questions and Answers (2025) | Top HR Interview Questions for Freshers | Intellipaat

The unfair way I got good at Leetcode

How I Would Start Cybersecurity in 2026 (If Starting From Zero)

Answering behavioral interview questions is shockingly uncomplicated

SOC Analyst: Top Interview Questions & Answers (2025)

FULL Data Science Mock Interview | SQL, Statistics, Business

本課的詞彙與口語要點

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中出現的短語動詞

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中的語法

需要注意的發音

如何用這段影片練習

什麼是跟讀法？