跟读练习: Abdominal Muscles & Inguinal Canal - Dissection Supplement - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Hello anatomy friends this is Dr. Alsup
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and in this supplementary dissection video we will be discussing some of the muscles particularly associated with the abdominal wall,
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certain structures associated with the inguinal canal, and anything in that surrounding area.
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The inguinal canal is a traditionally difficult area in dissection
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so we will take our time in this region to discuss some of those basics that you need to know.
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But let's start with the abdominal wall first specifically the most superficial of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
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which are the external obliques.
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The muscle fibers of the external obliques run in a similar direction as those of the external intercostal muscles between the ribs.
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I always think of kind of putting your hands in your
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front pockets in terms of the directionality of the muscle fibers for the external oblique. And
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if you're looking at a superficial dissection you are looking at the external oblique
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you would have to reflect the external oblique to see the deeper internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
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And as we aren't asking you to identify those
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you should be in pretty good shape there in terms of being able to identify this muscle.
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I also really like this image as it shows how the
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tendons of the oblique muscles really form the rectus sheath
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which is this whole area right here on this particular individual the rectus sheath is quite robust.
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And they're essentially continuous because it is the tendons
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or the flattened tendons called the aponeuroses of the oblique muscles and transversus abdominis that form the rectus sheath.
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The sheath is pretty hard to miss.
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It is the dominant white and kind of variably opaque structure in the anterior portion of the abdominal wall.
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You can see through it a little bit in terms of seeing some of the muscle fibers
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but for the most part it's fairly opaque.
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And running down the midline, you have umbilicus here so you know that you're in the midline,
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is going to be the linea alba which means white line.
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And it's notably more opaque than the rest of the rectus sheath
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and it's the medial most attachment point of those three anterior lateral abdominal muscles on both sides.
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Now let's see what we can see when we reflect a portion of the rectus sheath which has been done here.
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In fact in order to view the rectus abdominis muscle you have to reflect the anterior portion of the rectus sheath,
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which is what's happened in this image on the left side
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the anterior rectus sheath has been left in place on the right side.
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So you can really only see the left rectus abdominis.
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You can see how long the rectus abdominis is.
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It extends from the xiphoid process up here all the way down towards the pubic symphysis, so a very long muscle.
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And you can see the tendinous intersections that are going to be interspersed throughout the muscle here.
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On this particular individual there are three on this side which is the most typical pattern.
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Now I put this second image over here with the rectus abdominis reflected inferiorly in order to point out
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that there is a posterior portion of the rectus sheath which you can see right in this region.
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Remember that the rectus sheath is going to envelop the rectus abdominis. But it's not complete.
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It actually ends about three -fourths of the way down, and what you're left with in this inferior most portion is just transversalis fascia,
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which typically appears a little more transparent than the posterior rectus sheath, and this line of demarcation is called the arcuate line.
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All right let's move to the inguinal canal region, and as I mentioned at the beginning this is a traditionally complex region
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and there are a lot of structures that we're not going to have you identify.
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We're really only picking up on the structures that are on the easier side to identify the more prominent structures.
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Now the inguinal canal extends from the deep inguinal ring, which as the name would suggest is deep and not visible from these more superficial dissections,
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and the superficial inguinal ring which has been opened on this dissection it would be right about here,
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but it is visible on this dissection so right here
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kind of where you have that opening is going to be the superficial inguinal ring.
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This is the exit or medial aperture of the inguinal canal and is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis,
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and you can typically see structures exiting the canal.
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And you can see that in both of these images.
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We will start with this one where you can see the
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round ligament of the uterus exiting the where the superficial ring would be located.
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And the round ligament is sometimes difficult to identify as it presents as a tubular collection of adipose tissue,
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which may be difficult to differentiate from some of the surrounding adipose tissue.
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But one thing that you can see a little bit of here is that there, and I drew already kind of a line through it,
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is going to be a nerve called the ilioinguinal nerve which will run superficial to the round ligament.
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Sometimes that helps with identification, sometimes not so much it's a rather small nerve, but when you when you do see a collection of fat
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or adipose tissue with a nerve running right on top of it you're likely looking at that round ligament.
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The round ligament of the uterus connects the uterus to the labia magus,
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although in some individuals it does not extend all the way to the labia magus into adulthood
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and it's a remnant of the gubernaculum.
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On this individual you can see their spermatic cord exiting the superficial inguinal ring with that ilioinguinal superficial to it.
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And you can see on this side the spermatic cord has
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been dissected to show you the different components of the cord
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and we will discuss both the round ligament of the uterus
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and the spermatic cord in more detail in the reproductive anatomy session.
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Now one last thing I want to discuss here is the inguinal ligament
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and you can't see it well here as recall
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that the inguinal ligament is the floor of the inguinal canal
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and we can still see these more superficial structures of the inguinal canal so it's occluding the view of the inguinal ligament.
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But we can conceptualize where it would be located as it extends from the anterior superior iliac spine
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to about the level of the pubic tubercle around this region.
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and that is going to
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to give you an indication that that inguinal ligament is longer than the inguinal canal as it doesn't actually begin,
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the inguinal canal doesn't actually begin until the deep inguinal ring which is a little bit more right around this region.
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So that inguinal ligament is going to be made up of external oblique apneurosis
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and so it's going to be very similar in terms of composition as what we see right around this region.
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Okay moving to the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall here
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and you can see peritoneal cavity over here
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you can see some of the the omenta right here a little bit of viscera.
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This all looks a bit a little bit overwhelming I get
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that but there's a lot going on but let's take these things one at a time.
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So here this individual is actually holding the anterior abdominal wall that's been reflected
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and I can see kind of right off the bat one
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of the most prominent things is I see the inferior epigastric vessels.
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So you can see the two paired veins
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and the artery right in between and much of the peritoneum has been removed here
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so this is less the lateral umbilical fold than just the vasculature.
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Now just lateral to this you can see right around this region a collection
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or what looks like a tubular collection of adipose tissue is entering into this region here.
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All right and that's exactly what is happening.
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This is that round ligament of the uterus entering into the deep inguinal ring. And so
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that area where you have the invagination of the transversalis fascia is the deep inguinal ring the entrance
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or internal aperture of the inguinal canal.
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Now the round ligament tends to be a bit more robust around the deep inguinal ring than at the superficial inguinal ring,
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but there is noted variation there.
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Now important to note here in this image the inferior epigastric
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vasculature is going to be medial to the deep inguinal ring
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and that relationship is something that comes up often particularly in discussions of inguinal hernias.
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And lastly here is the trusty diaphragm so this is going to be the left.
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hemidiaphragm and this over here will be the right hemidiaphragm.
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And we discussed the diaphragm in the previous block
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but it's just as important here as a major subdivision between the thoracic and abdominal cavity.
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You can see the liver right underneath here with
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that very close relationship
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and the stomach is just going to be deep to um oops
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I had these mixed up this should be the left and this should be the right.
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Always patient left and patient right see that gets us sometimes even though we think about these things quite often.
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So that makes sense because the liver should be on the right.
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So right underneath the right hemidiaphragm will be the liver
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and right underneath the left hemidiaphragm which you can't see very clearly
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because it's not poking out underneath here will be the stomach.
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Apologies for that but you can see kind of on the fly how we can get those things confused.
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Now recall that the diaphragm has three openings that allow structures to traverse the region.
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Recall the esophagus is going to traverse the region, you will have also the vagal trunks will be closely related to that.
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You'll have the inferior vena cava that will ascend through this region to get to the right atrium, and of course you'll have the aorta
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which is also going to traverse the diaphragm in order to get to the abdominal cavity region.
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Okay that should wrap us up regarding the musculature in this session and the inguinal canal structures and contents.
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Please take your time to review and reach out if you have any questions.
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I hope you have a great rest of your day.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“Abdominal Muscles & Inguinal Canal - Dissection Supplement”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：inguinal, rectus, ligament, muscle, region。 这段视频共有 121 个句子、1760 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 11:39。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 151 个词，接近日常对话。 只有 77% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| muscle 名词 | /ˈmʌs.əl/ | 肌肉, 筋肉 |
| canal 名词 | /kəˈnæl/ | 運河 /运河 |
| superficial 形容词 | /ˌsupɚˈfɪʃəl/ | 表面的 |
| abdominal 形容词 | /æbˈdɑm.ə.nl̩/ | 腹部的 |
| anterior 形容词 | /ænˈtɪɹ.i.ɚ/ | 前部 |
| reflect 动词 | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | 反映, 反射 |
| exit 名词 | /ˈɛɡzət/ | 離開 /离开, 退場 /退场 |
| tissue 名词 | /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/ | 纸巾 |
| nerve 名词 | /nɝv/ | 神經 /神经 |
| cord 名词 | /ˈkoɹd/ | 繩 /绳, 繩子 /绳子 |
| inferior 形容词 | /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/ | 低劣, 低賤 /低贱 |
| recall 动词 | /ɹɪˈkɔl/ | 罷免 /罢免, 召回 |
| cavity 名词 | /ˈkæv.ɪt.i/ | 腔 |
| stomach 名词 | /ˈstʌmək/ | дўзы, 胃 |
| associate 名词 | /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/ | 同行, 同事 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| come up 动词 | 上來 /上来 |
| point out 动词 | 指, 指出 |
| see through 动词 | 看透 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | has been done · has been left · be interspersed |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | alba which means · sheath which has · side which is |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | has been done · has been left · has been opened |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 14 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 you're, can't, doesn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “th” 音: underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, sheath /ʃiθ/, thoracic /θəˈɹæsɪk/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: superficial /ˌsupɚˈfɪʃəl/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: superficial /ˌsupɚˈfɪʃəl/, anterior /ænˈtɪɹ.i.ɚ/, inferior /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: nerve /nɝv/, cavity /ˈkæv.ɪt.i/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/, exit /ˈɛɡzət/, extend /ɛkˈstɛnd/, nerve /nɝv/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/, recall /ɹɪˈkɔl/, lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, tubular /ˈt(j)ubjələɹ/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 muscle, canal, superficial 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。