跟读练习: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Patient’s Guide for Better Understanding - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Hi, I'm Dr. Kenneth Taylor, Director of the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center at Piedmont, and I want to talk to you today about hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder, and it results in a thickening of the heart muscle.

There are a number of different forms of this disorder, and so we'll talk a little bit about that.

The classic form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickening of what we call the interventricular septum.

So the heart has four chambers, diagrammed here.

The left ventricular chamber and the right ventricular chamber are the two pumping chambers of the heart.

They're separated by this wall that we call the septum.

Normally that septum is about a centimeter thick.

In people who have particularly the obstructive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,

There is a thickening of the septum right here underneath the

aortic valve where the blood is trying to get out of the heart.

And so when blood is trying to get out of the heart,

this thickened muscle gets in the way and obstructs the blood trying to get out.

It's kind of like if you took a hose

and put your finger on the end of the hose and blocked it off partially, the water would squirt out of the end of the hose.

And the reason it squirts out is that there's a pressure gradient

or a difference in pressure from on one side of where you've put your finger to the other side.

And that obstruction creates a gradient or a pressure gradient.

And we can actually measure that gradient with our echo technology.

So, for example, if you have a blood pressure that's about, let's say, 120 over 70, and you have obstruction here from the septum,

if you measure the pressure in the chamber of the heart, the top number will be higher than that.

So, for example, if you have a 50 millimeter gradient, for example, then the pressure inside the heart will be 170,

whereas the blood pressure is 120.

And that pressure gradient plays a role in the symptoms of this disease, and it's something we follow with echoes.

The other thing that happens in people who have this thickening of the septum is

that right next to the septum is the mitral valve.

And the mitral valve has these cords, kind of like parachute cords.

And when blood is accelerated through this outflow tract, it, for lack of a better word,

sucks these cords into the outflow tract, resulting in more narrowing and more obstruction.

And it also opens this valve and causes the valve to leak.

or something we call mitral regurgitation.

So we also see that in an echo, and depending on how much obstruction there is,

if there's more obstruction, there may be more leakiness of the mitral valve.

That also may contribute to symptoms in this disease.

We typically treat this disease first with medicines to try to reduce how much this heart muscle thickens

and how much it obstructs blood flow coming out of the heart.

And we can follow that with echoes

and with stress echoes to look at the gradient across the

outflow tract as well as the degree of leakiness of the mitral valve.

There are several issues that we need to talk about in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

The first one relates to the diagnosis, where in the heart muscle is thickened,

and whether there's obstruction or not.

And we typically look at that with an echo and often times we use MRI for better clarification of the pathology.

So we will typically do an echo if you haven't already had one

and we will often times do an MRI to look at what the heart muscle actually looks like

and what the valve structure looks like.

The next thing we like to assess is what your symptoms are like.

and typically we will try to assess that with a stress test, either a regular treadmill or more than likely something called a stress echo.

And with a stress echo what we do is we put you on a treadmill

or on a bike and we look at that gradient we talked about

and then we exercise you and see if that gradient changes with exercise.

We also monitor your blood pressure and see how well you can do to see what kind of symptoms you might have.

The third issue is that patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at risk for certain arrhythmias.

And those arrhythmias can be potentially dangerous.

And in fact, there is a small population of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who are at risk for something we call sudden cardiac death,

where they basically can have an arrhythmia and die suddenly.

So we look for arrhythmias in a couple of different ways, one of which is with monitoring, something like a Holter monitor.

And the other is that we have a group of colleagues called electrophysiologists who specialize in the electrical system of the heart.

And we will typically make sure that our electrophysiologist goes through all of the information

and has a discussion with you about your particular risks for having an arrhythmia and your risks for having sudden cardiac death.

And the reason that's important is if your risk is found to be elevated,

then in some population of patients with this disorder, we recommend defibrillators.

So as far as therapy,

we will talk about first medical therapy and then potentially the role for something we call an ICD or defibrillator.

Lastly, if patients don't do well with medical therapy,

occasionally we're in a position of talking about more definitive therapy to relieve obstruction.

And there are kind of two different pathways, one of which is called septal myomectomy where a surgeon goes in

and opens your chest and cuts out the thickened heart muscle and potentially repairs any abnormalities with the mitral valve.

And that's been shown to significantly improve symptoms and significantly improve outcomes in patients with this disorder.

There is an alternative called an alcohol septal ablation where we actually go in with a cath

and find the blood vessel that feeds this particular area of the heart and inject a little alcohol and cause, for lack of a better word,

a little heart attack, which can reduce the obstruction.

We typically think of that as a second choice to the myomectomy

and used mostly in patients who are felt to be not surgical candidates.

So we call that whole category what we call septal reduction therapy.

The vast majority of patients don't need that and can be managed medically.

Lastly, as I mentioned, this is a genetic disease.

And so first -degree family members need to be screened.

And we can talk about the best way to screen them.

Typically, family members should be screened first -degree relatives, so siblings, children, parents, with an echo and an EKG.

And we can have a conversation about the role of genetic testing as well.

Thank you very much for your time.

I hope this has been helpful for your understanding of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and I look forward to addressing any of your questions.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Patient’s Guide for Better Understanding”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：cardiomyopathy, gradient, hypertrophic, valve, pressure。这段视频共有 83 个句子、1192 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 7:40。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 155 个词，接近日常对话。只有 78% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
echo 名词	/ˈɛk.oʊ/	回聲 /回声, 應聲 /应声
valve 名词	/ˈvælv/	閥門 /阀门
muscle 名词	/ˈmʌs.əl/	肌肉, 筋肉
chamber 名词	/ˈt͡ʃeɪ̯mbɚ/	臥室 /卧室, 寢室 /寝室
symptom 名词	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	症狀 /症状, 病徵 /病征
disorder 名词	/dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/	混亂 /混乱, 紊亂 /紊乱
monitor 名词	/ˈmɑ.nɪ.tɚ/	顯示器 /显示器
cord 名词	/ˈkoɹd/	繩 /绳, 繩子 /绳子
hose 名词	/hoʊz/	軟管 /软管, 水龍帶 /水龙带
finger 名词	/ˈfɪŋɡɚ/	手指, 指頭 /指头
sudden 形容词	/ˈsʌd.ən/	突然, 急劇 /急剧
vast 形容词	/væst/	浩大
relative 名词	/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/	親戚 /亲戚
thick 形容词	/θɪk/	ху, 厚
helpful 形容词	/ˈhɛlp.fl̩/	有幫助 /有帮助

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
go through 动词	通過 /通过
look forward to 动词	期待, 向往

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	is accelerated · is thickened · is found
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	you've put · haven't already had · that's been shown
定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物	people who have · attack, which can

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 8 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, haven't, I'm。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: thick /θɪk/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, pathology /pəˈθɒləd͡ʒi/, thicken /ˈθɪkən/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: obstruction /əbˈstɹʌk.ʃən/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, reduction /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/, partially /ˈpɑɹʃəli/
长单词——注意重音位置: potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, definitive /dɪˈfɪn.ɪ.tɪv/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: valve /ˈvælv/, vast /væst/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, vessel /ˈvɛsəl/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: valve /ˈvælv/, distress /dɪˈstɹɛs/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, cord /ˈkoɹd/, hose /hoʊz/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, partially /ˈpɑɹʃəli/, relieve /ɹɪˈliːv/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 echo, valve, muscle 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Patient’s Guide for Better Understanding - 通过视频学习英语口语

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