跟读练习: How To: Ultrasound for Pneumothorax Case Study Video - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Hello, my name is Phil Pereira, and I'm the Emergency Ultrasound Coordinator at the New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, and welcome to SoundBytes Cases.

In this module, we're going to look specifically at ultrasound of the lung to evaluate for pneumothorax.

Interestingly enough, a classical belief was that the lung was not optimal for ultrasound imaging.

However, newer findings have shown that actually ultrasound is an excellent modality for viewing the pleura and for detecting pneumothoraces.

There's been a lot of research looking at this, and what's interesting is

that ultrasound has been found now to be more sensitive than chest X -ray in the diagnosis of pneumothorax, especially in the supine trauma patient. And now,

we're going to add on views of the lungs looking for pneumothorax as part of our extended FAST exam

or the E -FAST exam that we'll be performing in trauma patients.

We can also detect pneumothoraces as well in our medical patients.

Now let's learn how to perform the ultrasound examination for the pneumothorax detection.

Here we have the high -frequency linear type array probe positioned

on the anterior chest wall at about the mid -clavicular line looking into about intercostal space three.

Now in most cases of pneumothorax with the patient's supine, the air would be predominantly seen in this area.

Note we're looking in a long axis configuration between the ribs with a marker dot oriented superiorly towards the patient's head.

Once we've identified both the ribs and the pleura, we can swivel the probe into the short axis configuration to further look at the pleura and to detect pneumothorax.

Here we have the probe oriented in a transverse or short axis orientation between the ribs, looking directly down at the pleura.

Notice in this case, the marker dot is located towards the lateral aspect of the patient.

Using both long and short axis configurations will allow you to detect a pneumothorax with a high degree of accuracy.

If no lung is seen on the anterior chest wall, one can size out a pneumothorax by looking in the lateral positions as shown here.

Notice the probe on the lateral chest wall in the short axis configuration between the ribs.

If lung is seen here laterally, but not anteriorly, this would tell you it was an incomplete pneumothorax.

We can complement the short axis view by locating the probe

into the long axis configuration with the marker dot towards the

patient's axilla to further examine into these lateral areas of the chest wall.

Here's a nice pictorial showing the normal findings of a lung in a long axis type configuration.

Superior rib to the left, inferior rib to the right.

Notice

that the ribs cast shadows posteriorly due to the inability of the sound waves to permeate the hard calcifications of the rib.

We see the chest wall anteriorly, and note here the two layers of the pleura.

And we see here the outer parietal pleura and the inner visceral pleura.

Now, while I've depicted these as two separate layers, in reality, on ultrasound examination,

they're seen as a single shimmering white line that moves back and forth as the patient breathes.

And as the patient breathes, we can see white comet tails or linear lines, vertical lines, coming off the pleura down deep into the lung.

So that will be the normal finding of a lung on long axis configuration.

Here's a nice ultrasound image showing a normal lung, and what we see here, we're in the long axis configuration, so the superior rib is to the left, inferior rib to the right,

chest wall anteriorly, and we see here the lung sliding, which is the opposition of the outer parietal and the inner visceral pleura,

and we see the vertical comet tails coming off the back of the pleura.

Thus, this is a completely normal exam, no pneumothorax.

But note the location of the pleura, deep to the ribs, and that classic shimmering line back and forth as the patient takes a breath.

Here we see more dramatic comet tails coming off the shimmering parietal and visceral pleura.

In this patient, we see the comet tail shooting off the back, telling us that this lung is up and there's no pneumothorax.

So vertical lines coming off the back of the pleura always mean

that the lung is up and are always a good sign on lung ultrasonography.

As we mentioned, we should also swivel the probe into the short axis configuration to further examine the lung, and what we see here is a normal lung in short axis configuration.

Note here we're looking in between the ribs, so all we see is the dome of the lung, and notice that it slides back and forth as the patient breathes, and we see the vertical comet tails coming off the back.

So a completely normal examination in the short axis plane.

Here's another ultrasound image taken from the short axis configuration.

Note here we see very prominent comet tails coming off the back of the lung as it slides back and forth.

Again, it's that opposition of the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura that allow the lungs shimmering, but notice here all the comet tails coming off the back.

In this case, this patient had some pulmonary edema associated with the lung, and these comet tails are more pronounced due to the presence of water within the pleura.

But notice all these vertical lines coming off the back telling us this lung is up.

A way to document that the lung is up to print out for the chart is to put M mode, and generally what we do is locate it so the M -mode cursor is down right at the pleura.

And what we see is the classic seashore sign or waves on the beach.

If we look anteriorly, we'll see the classic waves or no motion of the chest wall.

And below that, deep to the pleura, we'll see the positive motion of the lung making up the beach.

So waves on the beach or the seashore sign

and M -mode documentation that the lung is up and that there's no pneumothorax.

Now that we understand what a normal lung looks like on bedside examination, let's take a look at a pictorial showing a pneumothorax in a long axis view.

We see here that the parietal pleura is now split from the visceral pleura, which is attached to the lung, by a layer of air shown by the yellow color.

It's the splitting of the parietal and visceral pleura that now causes a lack of lung sliding,

and instead of the opposed visceral and parietal pleura sliding back and forth as the patient breathes, all we see is a single line,

the parietal pleura, with a lack of vertical comet tails coming off the back.

Here's an ultrasound image taken from a patient who was stabbed to the left chest and who had shortness of breath.

What we see here is a long axis view of a pneumothorax.

Let's take a look at the chest wall anteriorly, and right below that we see the parietal pleura, the single white line located directly inferior to the ribs,

but notice the classic lack of the lung sliding.

All we see here is a single white line that fails to slide back and forth as the patient breathes.

Notice also the absence of the vertical comet tails.

Here's another image of a pneumothorax in a long axis configuration, and we see here the chest wall anteriorly and the single white line which is the parietal pleura.

Now this patient was acutely dyspneic, so notice that there is some motion of the chest wall and that the parietal pleura moves up and down, but notice the failure of horizontal sliding.

Notice also the absence of any vertical comet tails coming off the back of the pleura.

Now let's inspect a pneumothorax from the short axis view.

We see the chest wall anteriorly, the parietal pleura as shown as a single non -mobile white line in the middle of the image.

Note the failure of movement back and forth, the lack of vertical comet tails, and what we see here is repeating horizontal air lines from the pneumothorax.

To document the absence of lung sliding and the presence of a pneumothorax, we'll again turn to M -mode.

If we put the M -mode cursor down on the pleura, what we'll see is a set of linear repeating lines.

This documents no motion of both the chest wall and of the lung, making up a finding known as the barcode sign.

Here's a pictorial showing an interesting finding, the signature of an incomplete pneumothorax known as lead point.

And what we see is an incomplete pneumothorax with error collecting to the superior aspect of the image to the left,

thus splitting the parietal from the visceral layers and causing an absence of lung sliding superiorly.

However, as the lung is coming up against the chest wall to the right or inferiorly,

that's where we'll see the presence of horizontal lung sliding and the presence of the vertical comet tails.

Here's an ultrasound image showing the lead point and what we see here is the lung sliding to the right, the area where the lung touches up against the chest wall and to the left,

the area of absence of lung sliding telling you there that air has collected between the visceral and parietal layers.

So the ultrasound equivalent of the image that we just looked at telling you that this is an incomplete pneumothorax.

But here we see that lead point or transition point very well on bedside sonography.

In conclusion, I'm glad I could share with you this ultrasound module going over ultrasound of the lung to evaluate for pneumothorax.

This is an excellent tool for viewing the pleura and making the diagnosis of pneumothorax.

And there's been some research showing that it may be more sensitive than chest X -ray in the diagnosis of pneumothorax, allowing rapid diagnosis of pneumo in both your trauma and medical patient,

thus facilitating more timely management of these most critical patients.

So I hope to see you back as SoundBytes continues.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“How To: Ultrasound for Pneumothorax Case Study Video”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：lung, pleura, pneumothorax, axis, chest。这段视频共有 91 个句子、1719 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 9:11。说话人语速较快，每分钟约 187 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。只有 73% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
lung 名词	/ˈlʌŋ/	физы, 肺
axis 名词	/ˈæksɪs/	軸 /轴, 軸心 /轴心
ultrasound 名词	/ʌl.tɹə.saʊnd/	超聲波 /超声波, 超音波
tail 名词	/ˈteɪ̯l/	йиба, 尾
slide 名词	/ˈslaɪ̯d/	滑梯
comet 名词	/ˈkɒmɪt/	彗星, 掃帚星 /扫帚星
configuration 名词	/kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/	編排 /编排, 配置
vertical 形容词	/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/	豎的 /竖的, 垂直
rib 名词	/ɹɪb/	肋骨
breathe 动词	/bɹiːð/	呼吸, 吸
examination 名词	/ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/	檢查 /检查
layer 名词	/ˈleɪ̯ɚ/	層 /层
absence 名词	/ˈæb.s(ə)n̩s/	缺席, 不在
diagnosis 名词	/daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/	診斷 /诊断
detect 动词	/dɪˈtɛkt/	察覺 /察觉, 發覺 /发觉

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	发音	释义
make up 动词	/ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/	組成 /组成

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have shown · There's been · has been found
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	has been found · is located · is seen
定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物	sliding, which is · pleura, which is · line which is

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 16 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 we'll, we're, I'm。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: breathe /bɹiːð/, pneumothorax /ˈnju.moʊˌθɔ.ɹæks/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, shadow /ˈʃædəʊ̯/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/
长单词——注意重音位置: configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, superior /sʊˈpɪɹ.i.ɚ/, horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, inferior /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: vertical /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/, sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/, evaluate /ɪˈvaljʊeɪt/, visceral /ˈvɪsəɹəl/, swivel /ˈswɪvəl/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: axis /ˈæksɪs/, ultrasound /ʌl.tɹə.saʊnd/, slide /ˈslaɪ̯d/, comet /ˈkɒmɪt/, rib /ɹɪb/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: ultrasound /ʌl.tɹə.saʊnd/, lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, linear /ˈlɪn.i.əɹ/, horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, predominantly /pɹɪˈdɒmɪnəntli/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 lung, axis, ultrasound 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: How To: Ultrasound for Pneumothorax Case Study Video - 通过视频学习英语口语

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