跟读练习: How to learn any language easily | Matthew Youlden | TEDxClapham - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Translator: Hoa Pham Reviewer: Denise RQ Learning a language can feel a bit like rocket science, something out of this world and out of reach for the vast majority of us.
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Translator: Hoa Pham Reviewer: Denise RQ Learning a language can feel a bit like rocket science, something out of this world and out of reach for the vast majority of us.
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This isn't a belief, however, just held by many English monolinguals on our island.
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It's also shared by many of our linguistic cousins further afield, say, in the United States or Australia.
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Let's be honest: when it comes to learning languages or speaking them, we are the kind of people that likes to think we're fluent in a multitude of diverse languages such as Geordie, Kiwi, Cockney, or what about Canadian?
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Don't get me wrong.
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I'm very, very proud of my Mancunian heritage, but I wouldn't suggest it's a separate language just yet.
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After all, we don't need subtitles when we are watching Coronation Street, now do we?
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Although I can see you two saying, "I do." (Laughter) Yet, despite this, if you were to cross the Channel, or say, if you're feeling slightly more adventurous, cross the Severn Estuary into Wales, there you would find that speaking another language or being bilingual is simply a reality.
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Yet, there and further afield, many are still convinced of the fact this is a long, challenging, somewhat painful, and dare I say, daunting task.
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In this room of 100 people, I'd guess that at least 15 other languages are spoken besides English.
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In fact, the last census of 2011 revealed that a staggering 22% of Londoners - that's 22%, one in four, almost - speak another language at home apart from English.
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I myself, even as a Mancunian, speak approximately 20 languages, and of those, around half I speak fluently.
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And the question I get asked by people the most is, "Why?" (Laughter) Well, the answer, for me at least, is rather simple.
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I'm convinced learning languages, any language per Se, is actually easy.
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And I want to show you how.
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As a linguist, a polyglot, and a lecturer, I know what it entails to learn and study a language.
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And one of the biggest obstacles we're faced [with] when learning are myths.
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And I genuinely believe that we have to debunk them.
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In order to remember these more effectively, I came up with the nice and friendly sounding acronym D.I.E.
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(Laughter) which funnily enough, if you write it out not pronounce, if you write it out, it's one of the words for 'the' in German.
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Myth number one: learning a language is simply too difficult.
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I will never be able to speak another language quite like the language I was born with.
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Technically, you're not born with a language.
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All of us here could have ended up, with say, Japanese as our first language.
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We were simply surrounded or immersed in the language generally from a very early age.
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There are people, however, out there - many of them, in fact - who started to learn a language, the second or maybe even the third, much later on in life.
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And guess what?
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They're now completely fluent in this language or these other languages even perhaps more so than in their so-called mother tongue.
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Why is this?
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Because there is no cutoff date by which you have to have learned another language.
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Think about how many people you know who say, "Ugh! My kids are doing French in school. I really want them to become fluent.
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But I can't, no way, it's impossible.
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I should've simply paid more attention when I was at school." Well, studies reveal that whilst children generally are much faster at picking up a new language than people older than them, it's actually us - you can just breathe as a sign of relief - It's us, the adults, who are more effective at learning them.
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Why is this?
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Because we have the experience of learning.
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We know how to learn already.
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Myth number two: languages are simply irrelevant.
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I don't need to learn another language at all.
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And as we hear, and unfortunately hear quite a lot - I was going to do in a cockney accent, but I won't do it at all.
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I'll spare myself the embarrassment of doing that - languages ... everyone speaks English, anyway.
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Well, besides the obvious benefits of speaking another language - for example, financial benefits and mental benefits, i.e., better pay, more job opportunities, keeping us mentally fit, and actually helping to stave off neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's- there are real hidden gems we can discover when we speak another language.
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How about getting an upgrade on your hotel room, as was recently the case with my uncle before going to Turkey on holiday?
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He asked me if I could send him over a few phrases and greetings in the language that he could try out in the hotel.
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Turns up, caught over this suitcase, throws out a few sentences in Turkish, and bam!, he's given an upgrade on his hotel room straight away.
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(Laughter) You might not always get an upgrade on your hotel room.
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I can't promise you this.
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However, I can promise that you maybe just maybe, through another language, will meet the love of your life.
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We all remember Jamie from Love Actually learning Portuguese for Aurélia.
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And in fact, almost one in ten Brits is married to someone who was born overseas.
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Furthermore, the Guardian reported on research showing that people who are able to speak two languages or more better adapt or are better equipped at dealing with problems, that they're better at multitasking and prioritizing tasks.
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This is definitely a much sought-after skill in our day and age when all of us appeared to be glued to our phones.
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I wonder how many people now who're watching this will be glued to their phones, and how many are actually going to bilingual?
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Myth number three: you have to be an expat and be in a place where the language is constantly spoken, even to just get a grasp of the language.
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There's no harm in simply packing up and moving to a village in the middle of nowhere, but it's not actually necessary.
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Now the great unknown: my brother and I - I'll leave you to decide who's who; he's actually my twin brother - my brother and I whilst being based in Berlin, Germany, decided to undertake the challenge of learning Turkish in just seven days.
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We decided to undertake the challenge of learning Turkish in just seven days in order to show what you can do by simply putting your mind to it.
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I'm not saying we all need to be going out there and learning a language in a week nor that it's actually possible to learn absolutely everything there is in such a short space of time.
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I can assure you, it isn't.
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Perfection isn't the goal here.
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The goal, however, is to get as good as we possibly can in a particular language, in the shortest time possible.
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This means to the dismay of school teachers all throughout the globe, "Take shortcuts." The best thing about these shortcuts is we can apply them to any language that we would like to learn.
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And furthermore, they're so simple, you might be left thinking at the end, "Why didn't I think of that?" So let's take a look at these shortcuts.
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Number one: analyze the similarities, focus on similar elements.
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As speakers of English, we already know so much about other languages, given the fact that our language itself, essentially, is a Germanic language with the wealth of influences and vocabulary from a multitude of different languages as diverse as Latin, Hebrew, or Hindi.
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Doing this will help develop patterns in the language and also will help us to guess the meaning and formation of words and things that we don't yet know.
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As you see in this slide, for example, we can see how closely related English is to fellow other Germanic languages and even to languages that are, in this case, Romance languages, despite the fact that English is a Germanic language essentially.
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Shortcut number two: keep it simple.
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At first sight, you might think you're learning a language that doesn't have that much in common with our own, but by focusing on easy elements, we will be able to learn it much quickly because every language has easy elements to it.
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Some languages only have two or three tenses.
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For example, you end up saying 'I had,' in this one form, for 'I had,'I have had,' and 'I had had,' and 'I am' also can be 'I will be' and 'I would be.' In other cases, if we look at, for example, German, we have a case of advanced vocabulary that is derived from a few simple words or verbs.
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In this case, we have the verb 'sprechen' which is 'to speak,' which has now gone on and lent itself to become 'besprechen' - to discuss, 'entsprechen' - to correspond, 'versprechen' and 'absprechen,' and so on, and so on.
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Shortcut number three: keep it relevant.
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Especially at the beginning of our process, we need to make sure that it's relevant to us.
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Not everyone is learning German in order to discuss business with colleagues in Berlin.
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Think about this.
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As speakers of English, we don't know every single word in the Oxford English Dictionary.
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So why should we fret about remembering every single word we encounter in the new language?
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We simply have to make it relevant to our own specific situation right now.
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When it comes to learning a language, perhaps the most crucial element is time.
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And by time, I don't mean years upon years of endless learning as some people still like to think.
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How long does it take to learn a language?
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How about if I were to tell you that 30 minutes per day are a great and effective start?
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Thirty minutes - these are minutes we all have.
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Be ten in the morning, ten in the afternoon, ten in the evening, or 30 minutes in simply one go on the way to work, to university, to school, out in the evening, meeting friends, whilst we are on the train or bus.
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We all have all these minutes that we can commit to learn.
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Furthermore, by learning for smaller periods and regular intervals, we won't feel so overwhelmed by the language.
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And even better, learning for regular periods means that it's more effective, because chances are that if you're learning for once a week or once a fortnight, by the time you next come to learn, you'll already have forgotten what you initially learned.
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The goal therefore is to fit language learning into our daily routines and not the other way around.
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And by doing this, there's no reason why after simply one month, you can't get by in your new language.
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These active forms of learning, we need to compliment them with what I'd like to refer to as passive forms of learning.
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Having breakfast: switch the radio on and listen to a station in the language, become acquainted with the music of the language.
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The music will not only help you get used to the sounds, to the intonation, and to the rhythm but the words you'll hear will also help you associate them; because you know the songs, and you'll be able to associate them with these songs, thus expanding our vocabulary.
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Had a hard day?
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Treat yourself to a TV series or a film in the language, and put subtitles on, in English, and then, others can join and watch with you as well.
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We all know how everyone seems to be going crazy about this Scandinavian TV crime series at the moment - some of which have been dubbed into English; keep it original.
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By doing this, this will get you off to a great start to go on and to actually master your language.
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There are three rules, I like to refer to them as the golden rules of language learning, that each and everyone of us should be doing when going about learning a language.
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The first rule is - wait for it - the first rule is live the language, speak it, read it, write it, dream in it, sing it even; sing to yourself.
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My brother and I when we started learning Greek, we decided to write songs in the language.
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Don't worry, I'm not about to embarrass my brother, and I certainly won't be singing for you all this morning.
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That said, in order to master the language, you have to make it yours, own the language.
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So why not put your phone or computer in the language you're learning?
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Number two: make mistakes.
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Yes, you heard me correctly.
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Make as many as you want.
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Why? Because we learn by making mistakes.
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It's actually the only way we can get things right.
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As children, we're even expected to make them.
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But as adults, we are apprehensive because they make us feel vulnerable.
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Admitting from the beginning we don't know absolutely everything there is to know about this new language will not prevent us from learning it.
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Furthermore, it will actually give us the freedom to go on and to master it.
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So go forth and make as many mistakes as you like.
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The last rule, and this is the most important one, and this is essential: make it fun.
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Grammar rules aren't always fun.
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I mean, I love grammar, but I understand that not everyone is so enthusiastic about it; not sure why, though.
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But remember, whatever you can do in English, you can do in any other language, so make it fun.
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And actually, by making it fun, by making the process entertaining, you're helping yourself stay motivated.
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And the more motivated you are, the better your chances are of succeeding.
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So go out and let your creative juices flow.
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The best thing as well is why not try and get people, other people, involved?
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Say, colleagues, friends, and turn it into a small, friendly competition.
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Actually, studies show if you get a friendly competition going, that your chances of succeeding are much better, and they enhance your performance.
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Languages are often perceived to be the great unknown.
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We like to think of them as something unfamiliar, and yet, we know so much about them because all human languages have their own peculiar yet beautiful ways of expressing ideas, concepts, and reality, even if we're not aware of it at first.
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By now delving into the unknown and realizing the familiar, we will be able to master one of the most fulfilling, rewarding, and efficient skills we possess as humans: human communication.
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And who could resist wanting to learn a language with these linguistic pearls?
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The first one would be, as you say in French, (French) Ayez Les dents longues, (English) which is 'be ambitious.' It literally means, however, 'have long teeth.' (Laughter) Mine aren't that long.
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I'd like to wish you all in Italian (Italian) In bocca al lupo, (English) which is 'good luck,' but literally means 'into the mouth of the wolf.' (Laughter) And finally, as we say in Ukrainian, (Ukrainian) Skilʹky mov ty znayesh - stilʹky raziv ty lyudyna, (English) which means "The more languages you know, the more people you are." Enjoy learning a new language.
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(Applause)
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为何要通过这个视频练习口语？
学习一门语言可能让许多人感到困难，尤其是在口语交流时。然而，通过观看并模仿像Matthew Youlden在TEDx演讲中的表达，您可以在轻松愉快的环境中提高英语口语能力。这种shadow speech的练习方法可以帮助您克服对发音和流利度的恐惧，进而自信地与他人交谈。通过练习，您不仅能够掌握新词汇，还能提高听力、理解能力，并学会如何在真实语境中使用这些语言。
语法与表达在情境中的应用
Matthew在演讲中使用了一些关键的结构和表达方式，这些都非常适合在日常对话中使用：
- 否定句表述：例如，“我永远无法说另一种语言。”这展示了常见的自我怀疑。学习如何构建否定句将帮助您更准确地表达消极情绪。
- 比较结构：如“比起儿童，成年人在学习语言上更有效。”这种比较不仅阐释了事实，还能引导您在讨论中使用比喻。
- 条件句：例如，“如果我没有努力学习，我就不会说流利。”这类似于“如果……那么……”的结构，能够帮助您表达假设情况。
常见发音陷阱
在视频中，演讲者的口音和语言节奏可能对于非母语者来说比较具有挑战性。尤其是在伦敦口音和某些特定单词的发音上，如“language”和“difficult”，可能会造成困惑。通过模仿这些发音，您可以在提高英语发音和流利度方面取得显著进步。此外，这种方式也为您提供了一个绝佳的机会，进行雅思口语练习，为即将到来的考试打下基础。尝试使用shadowspeak，在耳边回响演讲者的发音，从而获得更深的语言感知。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。