跟读练习: Why is getting bitten by a rabid animal so dangerous? - Charles Rupprecht - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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One morning in France in 1885, a dog attacked 9-year-old Joseph Meister, biting him in 14 places.
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One morning in France in 1885, a dog attacked 9-year-old Joseph Meister, biting him in 14 places.
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He survived— but his mother realized he was probably now infected with rabies, an almost certain death sentence.
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She rushed him to Paris, knowing his life depended on a rumored experimental medicine.
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Today, without proper intervention, rabies remains deadly in almost all cases, making it the most lethal infectious disease.
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However, modern advances have afforded us a much deeper understanding of the mechanisms that make rabies so dangerous and treatment-resistant, and have revealed the best methods to save lives.
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Rabies is caused by the roughly 20 virus species in the Lyssavirus genus, all of which attack the mammalian nervous system.
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Lyssavirus rabies, the most abundant, can infect any mammal.
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Lyssaviruses mainly persist long term in bat populations.
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Besides bats, rabies virus has also adapted to carnivores like foxes, raccoons, and skunks, and most human rabies infections come from dogs.
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Infection begins with the transfer of virus-laden saliva into the new host's tissue.
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This could happen with a deep bite wound or a simple lick to certain spots.
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Once inside its new host, the virus particles, called virions, set out for the brain.
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If the infection site is closer to the head, things may escalate faster.
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Rabies virions may lay low for days, weeks, months, or in rare cases, years, replicating without causing any immediate symptoms.
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Virions also suppress certain immune responses, making it harder to clear an infection locally.
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Meanwhile, the virions begin to travel, entering local nerve cells and exploiting the existing transport mechanisms along their axons, traveling up to 100 millimeters a day.
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Their protected position here in the nerve cells helps shield the virions from the host’s immune system.
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Once they’ve made it to the central nervous system, the infection enters a new, devastating stage.
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Clinical symptoms develop as rabies virions rapidly proliferate, spreading into the peripheral nervous system and its connective tissues.
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First, the escalating infection registers with flu-like symptoms.
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Where a different neurological infection might cause inflammation that opens the blood-brain barrier and incites an immune response, rabies viruses do not, so immune cells and therapies cannot easily or quickly reach them there.
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Then, as the disease damages the nervous system, things take one of two turns.
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In paralytic rabies, symptoms like a vacant expression, weakness, and paralysis set in.
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Furious rabies, meanwhile, is associated with hyperactivity, uncontrolled movements, hallucinations, aggression, and paralysis.
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As virions accumulate in the salivary glands, the host secretes excess saliva.
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The infection also often causes hydrophobia in people, where throat spasms make swallowing water painful and difficult, further concentrating the virus in the saliva and increasing the odds of transmission.
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Some hosts are especially effective at transmitting the virus; humans, however, aren’t, and rarely transmit rabies themselves, for example, in cases of tissue or organ transplantation.
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Regardless of whether transmission occurs, this period of acute illness is almost always followed by coma and death.
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Once symptoms have begun, there is currently no cure for rabies.
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However, we do have highly effective preventative methods if they’re delivered early enough— and Joseph Meister was the first to benefit.
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For years, French scientist Louis Pasteur and colleagues had been trying to develop a rabies vaccine.
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They collected the spinal cords of rabies-virus-infected rabbits, dried them to weaken the virus, and injected the resulting mixtures into dogs and other animals.
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Meister’s mother got him to Pasteur two days after the attack.
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He received a course of inoculations, and though the procedure was risky, he beat the odds, becoming the first rabies-vaccinated person to survive.
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Today, two series of vaccinations are available: pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.
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Each is highly effective at preventing rabies virus infections from reaching the central nervous system, before symptoms develop and the virus has done irreparable harm.
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The very few people known to have survived rabies after the onset of symptoms have done so due to intensive care, usually sustaining neurological damage in the process.
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Around 59,000 people are still estimated to die of rabies annually, though the number is sadly suspected to be higher due to insufficient medical access in rabies-burdened areas.
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Scientists are still looking into new therapies.
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But the way rabies virions elude the immune system and damage cells makes the infection extremely difficult to treat.
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And because the Lyssavirus has so many natural hosts, it's impossible to eradicate the disease.
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This makes preventative measures especially essential.
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Even unconfirmed, potential exposures— like the mere presence of a bat in one’s house while they’ve been sleeping— warrant serious medical investigation.
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关于本课
在本课程中，学习者将通过分析一段关于狂犬病的内容，提升他们的英语听说能力。我们将着重于狂犬病的感染过程及其危害，以帮助学习者理解语言中专业术语和医学表达的使用。这将不仅提高他们的语言能力，还加深他们对狂犬病相关知识的理解，促进批判性思维。
关键词汇与短语
- 狂犬病 (rabies)
- 病毒 (virus)
- 感染 (infection)
- 神经系统 (nervous system)
- 免疫系统 (immune system)
- 预防接种 (vaccination)
- 治疗 (treatment)
- 症状 (symptoms)
实践建议
为了有效提升你的英语口语能力，尝试在观看这段视频时进行shadowing练习。shadow speak是一种行之有效的方法，可以帮助你更好地掌握发音和语调，尤其是面对快速且信息密集的内容。你可以先听一段大约10秒的内容，然后暂停，模仿视频中的发音和语调。在这个过程中，注意狂犬病的相关术语如何被使用，以及表述时的情感和重音。这样不仅能加深对专业词汇的记忆，还能改善你的口语流利度。
同时，你可以在shadowing site上找到其他相关的视频内容，帮助你在不同的语境中使用同样的词汇。利用“看YouTube学英语”的方式，吸收更多的知识点，更好地构建自己的语言框架。坚持练习，逐步提高自己的语言应用能力。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。