تدريب Shadowing: Can we create the "perfect" farm? - Brent Loken - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

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Transcriber: Translate TED Reviewer: Mirjana Čutura About 10,000 years ago, humans began to farm.

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Transcriber: Translate TED Reviewer: Mirjana Čutura About 10,000 years ago, humans began to farm.

0:00.00 – 0:12.17 (12.2s)

This agricultural revolution was a turning point in our history that enabled people to settle, build and create.

0:12.47 – 0:21.04 (8.6s)

In short, agriculture enabled the existence of civilization.

0:21.06 – 0:25.97 (4.9s)

Today, approximately 40 percent of our planet is farmland.

0:26.70 – 0:31.86 (5.2s)

Spread all over the world, these agricultural lands are the pieces to a global puzzle we are all facing: in the future, how can we feed every member of a growing population a healthy diet?

0:31.88 – 0:46.21 (14.3s)

Meeting this goal will require nothing short of a second agricultural revolution.

0:46.86 – 0:52.63 (5.8s)

The first agricultural revolution was characterized by expansion and exploitation, feeding people at the expense of forests, wildlife and water and destabilizing the climate in the process.

0:52.65 – 1:07.42 (14.8s)

That's not an option the next time around.

1:07.44 – 1:10.40 (3.0s)

Agriculture depends on a stable climate with predictable seasons and weather patterns.

1:10.97 – 1:17.00 (6.0s)

This means we can't keep expanding our agricultural lands, because doing so will undermine the environmental conditions that make agriculture possible in the first place.

1:17.02 – 1:27.60 (10.6s)

Instead, the next agricultural revolution will have to increase the output of our existing farmland for the long term while protecting biodiversity, conserving water and reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

1:28.21 – 1:43.17 (15.0s)

So what will the future farms look like?

1:44.46 – 1:47.75 (3.3s)

This drone is part of a fleet that monitors the crops below.

1:47.77 – 1:52.18 (4.4s)

The farm may look haphazard but is a delicately engineered use of the land that intertwines crops and livestock with wild habitats.

1:52.20 – 2:01.91 (9.7s)

Conventional farming methods cleared large swathes of land and planted them with a single crop, eradicating wildlife and emitting huge amounts of greenhouse gases in the process.

2:01.93 – 2:14.25 (12.3s)

This approach aims to correct that damage.

2:14.27 – 2:18.00 (3.7s)

Meanwhile, moving among the crops, teams of field robots apply fertilizer in targeted doses.

2:18.03 – 2:25.19 (7.2s)

Inside the soil, hundreds of sensors gather data on nutrients and water levels.

2:25.21 – 2:31.04 (5.8s)

This information reduces unnecessary water use and tells farmers where they should apply more and less fertilizer instead of causing pollution by showering it across the whole farm.

2:31.06 – 2:42.99 (11.9s)

But the farms of the future won't be all sensors and robots.

2:43.62 – 2:48.28 (4.7s)

These technologies are designed to help us produce food in a way that works with the environment rather than against it, taking into account the nuances of local ecosystems.

2:48.31 – 3:00.02 (11.7s)

Lower-cost agricultural practices can also serve those same goals and are much more accessible to many farmers.

3:02.50 – 3:10.14 (7.6s)

In fact, many such practices are already in use today and stand to have an increasingly large impact as more farmers adopt them.

3:10.17 – 3:20.51 (10.3s)

In Costa Rica, farmers have intertwined farmland with tropical habitat so successfully that they have significantly contributed to doubling the country's forest cover.

3:20.54 – 3:30.44 (9.9s)

This provides food and habitat for wildlife as well as natural pollination and pest control from the birds and insects these farms attract, producing food while restoring the planet.

3:30.46 – 3:42.80 (12.3s)

In the United States, ranchers are raising cattle on grasslands composed of native species, generating a valuable protein source using production methods that store carbon and protect biodiversity.

3:43.18 – 3:56.09 (12.9s)

In Bangladesh, Cambodia and Nepal, new approaches to rice production may dramatically decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the future.

3:56.82 – 4:05.60 (8.8s)

Rice is a staple food for three billion people and the main source of livelihood for millions of households.

4:05.62 – 4:12.93 (7.3s)

More than 90 percent of rice is grown in flooded paddies, which use a lot of water and release 11 percent of annual methane emissions, which accounts for one to two percent of total annual greenhouse gas emissions globally.

4:12.95 – 4:29.69 (16.7s)

By experimenting with new strains of rice, irrigating less and adopting less labor-intensive ways of planting seeds, farmers in these countries have already increased their incomes and crop yields while cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions.

4:29.71 – 4:46.79 (17.1s)

In Zambia, numerous organizations are investing in locally specific methods to improve crop production, reduce forest loss and improve livelihoods for local farmers.

4:47.26 – 4:59.54 (12.3s)

These efforts are projected to increase crop yield by almost a quarter over the next few decades.

4:59.56 – 5:06.03 (6.5s)

If combined with methods to combat deforestation in the region, they could move the country toward a resilient, climate-focused agricultural sector.

5:06.38 – 5:15.93 (9.6s)

And in India, where up to 40 percent of post-harvest food is lost or wasted due to poor infrastructure, farmers have already started to implement solar-powered cold storage capsules that help thousands of rural farmers preserve their produce and become a viable part of the supply chain.

5:16.89 – 5:36.28 (19.4s)

It will take all of these methods, from the most high-tech to the lowest-cost, to revolutionize farming.

5:37.14 – 5:44.21 (7.1s)

High-tech interventions stand to amplify climate- and conservation-oriented approaches to farming, and large producers will need to invest in implementing these technologies.

5:44.87 – 5:55.89 (11.0s)

Meanwhile, we'll have to expand access to the lower-cost methods for smaller-scale farmers.

5:55.92 – 6:01.70 (5.8s)

This vision of future farming will also require a global shift toward more plant-based diets and huge reductions in food loss and waste, both of which will reduce pressure on the land and allow farmers to do more with what they have available.

6:01.72 – 6:19.53 (17.8s)

If we optimize food production, both on land and sea, we can feed humanity within the environmental limits of the earth, but there's a very small margin of error, and it will take unprecedented global cooperation and coordination of the agricultural lands we have today.

6:20.25 – 6:40.85 (20.6s)

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تدريب Shadowing: Can we create the "perfect" farm? - Brent Loken - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

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