تدريب Shadowing: How do animals experience pain? - Robyn J. Crook - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

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Humans know the surprising prick of a needle, the searing pain of a stubbed toe and the throbbing of a toothache.

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Humans know the surprising prick of a needle, the searing pain of a stubbed toe and the throbbing of a toothache.

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We can identify many types of pain and have multiple ways of treating it.

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But what about other species?

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How do the animals all around us experience pain?

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It’s important that we find out.

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We keep animals as pets, they enrich our environment, we farm many species for food, and we use them in experiments to advance science and human health.

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Animals are clearly important to us, so it’s equally important that we avoid causing them unnecessary pain.

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For animals that are similar to us, like mammals, it's often obvious when they're hurting.

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But there's a lot that isn't obvious, like whether pain relievers that work on us also help them.

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And the more different an animal is from us, the harder it is to understand their experience.

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How do you tell whether a shrimp is in pain?

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A snake? A snail?

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In vertebrates— including humans— pain can be split into two distinct processes.

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In the first, nerves in the skin sense something harmful and communicate that information to the spinal cord.

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There, motor neurons activate movements that make us rapidly jerk away from the threat.

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This is the physical recognition of harm called nociception.

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And nearly all animals, even those with very simple nervous systems, experience it.

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Without this ability, animals would be unable to avoid harm and their survival would be threatened.

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The second part is the conscious recognition of harm.

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In humans, this occurs when the sensory neurons in our skin make a second round of connections via the spinal cord to the brain.

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There, millions of neurons in multiple regions create the sensations of pain.

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For us, this is a very complex experience associated with emotions like fear, panic and stress, which we can communicate to others.

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But it’s harder to know exactly how animals experience this part the process, because most of them can’t show us what they feel.

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However, we get clues from observing how animals behave.

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Wild, hurt animals are known to nurse their wounds, make noises to show their distress, and become reclusive.

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in the lab, scientists have discovered that animals like chickens and rats will self-administer pain-reducing drugs if they’re hurting.

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Animals also avoid situations where they’ve been hurt before, which suggests awareness of threats.

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We’ve reached the point that research has made us so sure that vertebrates recognize pain that it’s illegal in many countries to needlessly harm these animals.

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But what about other types of animals, like invertebrates?

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These animals aren't legally protected, partly because their behaviors are harder to read.

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We can make good guesses about some of them, like oysters, worms and jellyfish.

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These are examples of animals that either lack a brain or have a very simple one.

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So an oyster may recoil when squirted with lemon juice, for instance, because of nociception.

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But with such a simple nervous system, it’s unlikely to experience the conscious part of pain.

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Other invertebrate animals are more complicated, though.

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Like the octopus, which has a sophisticated brain and is thought to be one of the most intelligent invertebrate animals.

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Yet in many countries, people continue the practice of eating live octopus.

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We also boil live crayfish, shrimp, and crabs, even though we don't really know how they're affected either.

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This poses an ethical problem, because we may be causing these animals unnecessary suffering.

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Scientific experimentation, though controversial, gives us some clues.

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Tests on hermit crabs show that they’ll leave an undesirable shell if they’re zapped with electricity.

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But stay if it’s a good shell.

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And octopi that might originally curl up an injured arm to protect it, will risk using it to catch prey.

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That suggests that these animals make value judgments around sensory input, instead of just reacting reflexively to harm.

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Meanwhile, crabs have been known to repeatedly rub a spot on their bodies where they’ve received an electric shock.

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And even sea slugs flinch when they know they’re about to receive a noxious stimulus.

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That means they have some memory of physical sensations.

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We still have a lot to learn about animal pain.

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As our knowledge grows, it may one day allow us to live in a world where we don’t cause pain needlessly.

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تدريب Shadowing: How do animals experience pain? - Robyn J. Crook - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

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