跟读练习: How do animals experience pain? - Robyn J. Crook - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Humans know the surprising prick of a needle, the searing pain of a stubbed toe and the throbbing of a toothache.
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Humans know the surprising prick of a needle, the searing pain of a stubbed toe and the throbbing of a toothache.
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We can identify many types of pain and have multiple ways of treating it.
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But what about other species?
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How do the animals all around us experience pain?
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It’s important that we find out.
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We keep animals as pets, they enrich our environment, we farm many species for food, and we use them in experiments to advance science and human health.
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Animals are clearly important to us, so it’s equally important that we avoid causing them unnecessary pain.
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For animals that are similar to us, like mammals, it's often obvious when they're hurting.
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But there's a lot that isn't obvious, like whether pain relievers that work on us also help them.
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And the more different an animal is from us, the harder it is to understand their experience.
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How do you tell whether a shrimp is in pain?
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A snake? A snail?
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In vertebrates— including humans— pain can be split into two distinct processes.
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In the first, nerves in the skin sense something harmful and communicate that information to the spinal cord.
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There, motor neurons activate movements that make us rapidly jerk away from the threat.
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This is the physical recognition of harm called nociception.
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And nearly all animals, even those with very simple nervous systems, experience it.
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Without this ability, animals would be unable to avoid harm and their survival would be threatened.
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The second part is the conscious recognition of harm.
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In humans, this occurs when the sensory neurons in our skin make a second round of connections via the spinal cord to the brain.
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There, millions of neurons in multiple regions create the sensations of pain.
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For us, this is a very complex experience associated with emotions like fear, panic and stress, which we can communicate to others.
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But it’s harder to know exactly how animals experience this part the process, because most of them can’t show us what they feel.
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However, we get clues from observing how animals behave.
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Wild, hurt animals are known to nurse their wounds, make noises to show their distress, and become reclusive.
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in the lab, scientists have discovered that animals like chickens and rats will self-administer pain-reducing drugs if they’re hurting.
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Animals also avoid situations where they’ve been hurt before, which suggests awareness of threats.
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We’ve reached the point that research has made us so sure that vertebrates recognize pain that it’s illegal in many countries to needlessly harm these animals.
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But what about other types of animals, like invertebrates?
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These animals aren't legally protected, partly because their behaviors are harder to read.
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We can make good guesses about some of them, like oysters, worms and jellyfish.
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These are examples of animals that either lack a brain or have a very simple one.
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So an oyster may recoil when squirted with lemon juice, for instance, because of nociception.
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But with such a simple nervous system, it’s unlikely to experience the conscious part of pain.
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Other invertebrate animals are more complicated, though.
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Like the octopus, which has a sophisticated brain and is thought to be one of the most intelligent invertebrate animals.
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Yet in many countries, people continue the practice of eating live octopus.
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We also boil live crayfish, shrimp, and crabs, even though we don't really know how they're affected either.
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This poses an ethical problem, because we may be causing these animals unnecessary suffering.
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Scientific experimentation, though controversial, gives us some clues.
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Tests on hermit crabs show that they’ll leave an undesirable shell if they’re zapped with electricity.
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But stay if it’s a good shell.
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And octopi that might originally curl up an injured arm to protect it, will risk using it to catch prey.
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That suggests that these animals make value judgments around sensory input, instead of just reacting reflexively to harm.
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Meanwhile, crabs have been known to repeatedly rub a spot on their bodies where they’ve received an electric shock.
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And even sea slugs flinch when they know they’re about to receive a noxious stimulus.
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That means they have some memory of physical sensations.
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We still have a lot to learn about animal pain.
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As our knowledge grows, it may one day allow us to live in a world where we don’t cause pain needlessly.
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关于本课
在本节课中，我们将深入探讨动物如何体验痛苦的主题。根据Robyn J. Crook的讲解，动物的痛苦体验与人类有许多相似之处，但也存在重要差异。学习者将在本课中练习与“痛苦”相关的词汇、语法模式和口语场景，例如描述动物的感受和痛苦反应。通过这一主题，学习者可以提高英语口语练习的能力，以及增强对雅思口语中的相关话题的理解。
重要词汇和短语
- nociception: 感觉到有害刺激的能力，通常在动物遇到危险时被激活。
- conscious recognition: 意识到痛苦的过程，人类在这个阶段会产生情感和反应。
- self-administer: 自行给予，比如实验中动物会选择使用缓解疼痛的药物。
- value judgments: 价值判断，动物在感知痛苦时可能会作出抉择。
- undesirable shell: 不理想的外壳，指动物在选择栖息地时的判断。
本视频练习技巧
为了更好地练习本视频中的内容，学习者可以采取以下跟读技巧：首先，在开始跟读之前，建议先全面听一遍视频，以熟悉讨论主题。接下来，选择段落进行逐句跟读，注意语速应与视频尽量保持一致，建议慢速跟读，以帮助准确发音和流利度提高。针对难度较高的词汇，如“nociception”和“self-administer”，可以反复练习其发音。此外，尝试用自己的语言描述视频中的情境，这将有助于加深理解并提升口语表达能力。通过这种方式，学习者能够在雅思口语考试中更自信地表现，增强英语流利度。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。