Shadowing Practice: Intro to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Welcome to the Technological Institute at Northwestern University.

Today we are going to tour the Northwestern Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center,

or the Nuance Center.

We're going to start in the EPIC lab,

which stands for Electron Probe Instrumentation Center.

Here at EPIC, scientists from all over the world use high-powered electron microscopes to characterize a large range of different materials.

Scientists such as geologists who study rocks,

biologists who study cells, and even scientists who look at individual atoms and teeth use these electron microscopes.

But what is an electron microscope?

How is it different from a traditional light microscope you see in labs all over the country?

What even is a microscope?

Let's take a tour of the EPIC facility to learn more about the vast and growing field of microscopy.

So what is a microscope?

Let's dissect the word.

The root scope means to watch or to see,

and the prefix micro means extremely small.

Together we can see that a microscope is an instrument

that allows someone to see a very small object and comes in many shapes and sizes.

The microscope you're probably most familiar with is an optical or light microscope.

It was developed in the 1600s by scientists who made glasses.

are made out of glass lenses that bend light.

This makes objects seen through a lens look much bigger or smaller than they actually are.

Telescopes, binoculars, microscopes, and cameras are all examples of objects that use glass lenses.

In this microscope, a light source travels through a series of glass lenses.

The first lens is the eyepiece lens.

This makes the image bigger that's produced by what's called the objective lens.

The objective lens is the highest power lens that's closest to the sample.

Some microscopes have a condenser lens which concentrates the light beam before it travels through your sample.

The sample is placed on the stage above the condenser lens and below the objective lens.

Light then travels up through the lenses reaching your eye.

What we're looking at now is a fly's wing in the light microscope.

You can start to see the texture

and even the hairs on the fly's wing that you couldn't see before with the naked eye.

With the objective lenses on an optical microscope you can magnify the object up to 2,000 times.

The way this microscope works is very similar to the microscope you have in your pocket.

Light is energy that travels in waves of different wavelengths ranging from about 400 to 700 nanometers.

This is visible by the human eye.

Using light, we can make objects appear thousands of times larger than they actually are.

But what if we want to see something millions of times larger?

Something like a cell or a virus?

Another form of energy comes as an electron beam.

An electron is a very small negative charged particle that is part of an atom.

A beam of electrons has a wavelength several orders of magnitude smaller than visible light.

In order to use an electron beam to create an image,

we have to use a special microscope called an SEM,

or a scanning electron microscope.

Here is one of our SEMs.

It has an electron source at the top of the column

that travels through the microscope column itself and into the specimen chamber where the image is created by a series of detectors.

You cannot bend an electron beam with glass so you have to use special electromagnetic lenses.

The lens set up in electron microscope is very similar to a light microscope.

It has a light source or an energy source at the top,

a condenser lens, an objective lens,

and the sample is kept in a slightly different spot inside the specimen chamber.

The image you see from light microscope is projected directly onto your eye.

The electron microscope image is processed and displayed on a computer screen.

An electron microscope sample is prepared on an aluminum pin stub using special carbon glue or carbon tape.

We then coat the sample with metal,

something that the electrons can pass through like a filament in your light bulb.

If the electrons cannot pass through your sample,

charging artifacts can make your image look really messy.

Adding a layer of metal can help dissipate the charge buildup on the surface of the sample,

making your image look much better.

Once the samples are ready,

they are inserted into the stage inside the SEM.

Inside the SEM you can see the special detectors we use to create the image,

as well as the objective lens pull piece that houses the objective lens and where the beam comes out.

Now we can close the door and pump down the chamber.

We have to remove all the air molecules inside the specimen chamber.

If the electron beam interacts with air,

it will scatter and not make it to the sample.

By removing the air molecules,

we create an unobstructed path directly to the sample surface.

Now we are ready to go.

Let's turn on the beam and see how this works.

We move the stage under the pole piece to move around the sample.

But how is the image being created?

As the beam hits the sample,

it interacts and creates secondary electrons that get sucked up by the secondary electron detector inside the chamber.

As it scans across the sample,

the signal is collected for each point or pixel and creates your image.

This is the same fly we were looking at before.

Unlike light microscopy,

the signal you see in this image is from the surface of the specimen it does not travel through the specimen.

Now we can see details on the wing that we couldn't see with the light microscope.

Look at the hairs on the surface of the fly's legs.

With an electron microscope like this SEM,

you can magnify the image up to one million times.

This is much greater than the 2,000 times of an optical microscope.

This is the fly's leg.

We also saw this with the light microscope,

but what we didn't see are these hairs on the surface.

The electron microscope allows you to achieve resolutions that you are unable to see with a light microscope.

Sometimes the charge buildup on the surface of a sensitive sample can make the sample move.

Here's the fly's compound eye.

Have you ever seen this before by looking at a fly with the naked eye?

Can you guess what this is?

These tiny squares are about 1 micron wide.

That's 1,000th of a millimeter.

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And makes up the pixels in your cell phone camera.

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Finally, this is the back end of a spider.

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It almost looks like the texture in your fingerprint.

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Another type of signal ejected from the specimen during the electron beam interaction are x-rays.

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With x-rays, we can determine the chemical composition of a material, like this penny.

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You can see that this penny is composed of copper and zinc.

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Since 1982, pennies were no longer made of pure copper and were made of copper-coated zinc.

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Have you ever noticed that Abraham Lincoln is sitting inside the Lincoln Memorial on a penny?

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Some other electron microscopes have an ion beam that can mill away your sample or deposit metal on the surface.

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So what is the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?

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The major difference is that light microscopy uses light as an energy source,

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whereas electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons.

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Light microscopy is easy to use,

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easy to prepare samples, and you can view live specimens.

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You can also see them in color,

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but you get much lower resolution and magnification.

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With an electron microscope you get high resolution,

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up to 1 million times magnification,

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with a larger depth of field,

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but you only get black and white images.

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You also have to do more involved sample preparation,

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and you cannot view live specimens.

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You also need an electrically conductive sample.

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The invention of the electron microscope changed the world of science forever.

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It is used in many fields such as biology,

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medicine, chemistry, geology, material science, and even forensics.

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Thank you for visiting the EPIC lab at the Nuas Center.

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We hope that you'll come back sometime and explore inner space with us.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación de nivel C2 se basa en el vídeo “Intro to Scanning Electron Microscopy”. Las palabras que más se repiten: microscope, electron, sample, lens, image. Este vídeo tiene 127 frases y 1390 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 9:01. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 154 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 76 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
microscope sustantivo	/ˈmaɪ.kɹəˌskoʊp/	microscopio
electron sustantivo	/ɪˈlɛk.tɹɑn/	electrón, negatrón
specimen sustantivo	/ˈspɛsɪmɪn/	espécimen
microscopy sustantivo	/maɪˈkɹɑ.skə.pi/	microscopia, microscopía
penny sustantivo	/ˈpɛni/	penique
buildup sustantivo	/ˈbɪldʌp/	prolegómeno, preámbulo
magnify verbo	/ˈmæɡnɪfaɪ/	magnificar
wavelength sustantivo	/ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/	longitud de onda, largor de ondo
zinc sustantivo	/ˈzɪŋk/	zinc, cinc
molecule sustantivo	/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/	molécula
pixel sustantivo	/ˈpɪk.səl/	píxel, pixel
atom sustantivo	/ˈætəm/	átomo
texture sustantivo	/ˈtɛkst͡ʃə(ɹ)/	textura
interact verbo	/ɪn.təˈɹækt/	interactuar
scan verbo	/skæn/	escrutar

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
pass through verbo		atravesar
come out verbo	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	revelarse, salir a la luz
make up verbo	/ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/	reponer, suplir
move around verbo		movilizarse
see through verbo		ver a través

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

Estructura	En el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace	was developed · are made · is placed
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora	Have you ever seen · Have you ever noticed

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 7 contracciones y formas reducidas, como couldn't, we're, didn't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: magnification /ˌmæɡnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
Palabras largas — cuida el acento: microscopy /maɪˈkɹɑ.skə.pi/, magnification /ˌmæɡnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, binoculars /(ˌ)baɪˈnɑ.kjə.lɚz/, biologist /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: specimen /ˈspɛsɪmɪn/, scan /skæn/, scatter /ˈskætɚ/
/v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: wavelength /ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/, conductive /kənˈdʌktɪv/, microwave /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
/z/ — sonora, no /s/: zinc /ˈzɪŋk/, binoculars /(ˌ)baɪˈnɑ.kjə.lɚz/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, compose /kəmˈpəʊz/, forensics /fəˈɹɛn.zɪks/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como microscope, electron, specimen.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →

Shadowing Practice: Intro to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) - Learn English Speaking with Video

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