शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Intro to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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Welcome to the Technological Institute at Northwestern University.

Today we are going to tour the Northwestern Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center,

or the Nuance Center.

We're going to start in the EPIC lab,

which stands for Electron Probe Instrumentation Center.

Here at EPIC, scientists from all over the world use high-powered electron microscopes to characterize a large range of different materials.

Scientists such as geologists who study rocks,

biologists who study cells, and even scientists who look at individual atoms and teeth use these electron microscopes.

But what is an electron microscope?

How is it different from a traditional light microscope you see in labs all over the country?

What even is a microscope?

Let's take a tour of the EPIC facility to learn more about the vast and growing field of microscopy.

So what is a microscope?

Let's dissect the word.

The root scope means to watch or to see,

and the prefix micro means extremely small.

Together we can see that a microscope is an instrument

that allows someone to see a very small object and comes in many shapes and sizes.

The microscope you're probably most familiar with is an optical or light microscope.

It was developed in the 1600s by scientists who made glasses.

are made out of glass lenses that bend light.

This makes objects seen through a lens look much bigger or smaller than they actually are.

Telescopes, binoculars, microscopes, and cameras are all examples of objects that use glass lenses.

In this microscope, a light source travels through a series of glass lenses.

The first lens is the eyepiece lens.

This makes the image bigger that's produced by what's called the objective lens.

The objective lens is the highest power lens that's closest to the sample.

Some microscopes have a condenser lens which concentrates the light beam before it travels through your sample.

The sample is placed on the stage above the condenser lens and below the objective lens.

Light then travels up through the lenses reaching your eye.

What we're looking at now is a fly's wing in the light microscope.

You can start to see the texture

and even the hairs on the fly's wing that you couldn't see before with the naked eye.

With the objective lenses on an optical microscope you can magnify the object up to 2,000 times.

The way this microscope works is very similar to the microscope you have in your pocket.

Light is energy that travels in waves of different wavelengths ranging from about 400 to 700 nanometers.

This is visible by the human eye.

Using light, we can make objects appear thousands of times larger than they actually are.

But what if we want to see something millions of times larger?

Something like a cell or a virus?

Another form of energy comes as an electron beam.

An electron is a very small negative charged particle that is part of an atom.

A beam of electrons has a wavelength several orders of magnitude smaller than visible light.

In order to use an electron beam to create an image,

we have to use a special microscope called an SEM,

or a scanning electron microscope.

Here is one of our SEMs.

It has an electron source at the top of the column

that travels through the microscope column itself and into the specimen chamber where the image is created by a series of detectors.

You cannot bend an electron beam with glass so you have to use special electromagnetic lenses.

The lens set up in electron microscope is very similar to a light microscope.

It has a light source or an energy source at the top,

a condenser lens, an objective lens,

and the sample is kept in a slightly different spot inside the specimen chamber.

The image you see from light microscope is projected directly onto your eye.

The electron microscope image is processed and displayed on a computer screen.

An electron microscope sample is prepared on an aluminum pin stub using special carbon glue or carbon tape.

We then coat the sample with metal,

something that the electrons can pass through like a filament in your light bulb.

If the electrons cannot pass through your sample,

charging artifacts can make your image look really messy.

Adding a layer of metal can help dissipate the charge buildup on the surface of the sample,

making your image look much better.

Once the samples are ready,

they are inserted into the stage inside the SEM.

Inside the SEM you can see the special detectors we use to create the image,

as well as the objective lens pull piece that houses the objective lens and where the beam comes out.

Now we can close the door and pump down the chamber.

We have to remove all the air molecules inside the specimen chamber.

If the electron beam interacts with air,

it will scatter and not make it to the sample.

By removing the air molecules,

we create an unobstructed path directly to the sample surface.

Now we are ready to go.

Let's turn on the beam and see how this works.

We move the stage under the pole piece to move around the sample.

But how is the image being created?

As the beam hits the sample,

it interacts and creates secondary electrons that get sucked up by the secondary electron detector inside the chamber.

As it scans across the sample,

the signal is collected for each point or pixel and creates your image.

This is the same fly we were looking at before.

Unlike light microscopy,

the signal you see in this image is from the surface of the specimen it does not travel through the specimen.

Now we can see details on the wing that we couldn't see with the light microscope.

Look at the hairs on the surface of the fly's legs.

With an electron microscope like this SEM,

you can magnify the image up to one million times.

This is much greater than the 2,000 times of an optical microscope.

This is the fly's leg.

We also saw this with the light microscope,

but what we didn't see are these hairs on the surface.

The electron microscope allows you to achieve resolutions that you are unable to see with a light microscope.

Sometimes the charge buildup on the surface of a sensitive sample can make the sample move.

Here's the fly's compound eye.

Have you ever seen this before by looking at a fly with the naked eye?

Can you guess what this is?

These tiny squares are about 1 micron wide.

That's 1,000th of a millimeter.

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And makes up the pixels in your cell phone camera.

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Finally, this is the back end of a spider.

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It almost looks like the texture in your fingerprint.

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Another type of signal ejected from the specimen during the electron beam interaction are x-rays.

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With x-rays, we can determine the chemical composition of a material, like this penny.

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You can see that this penny is composed of copper and zinc.

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Since 1982, pennies were no longer made of pure copper and were made of copper-coated zinc.

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Have you ever noticed that Abraham Lincoln is sitting inside the Lincoln Memorial on a penny?

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Some other electron microscopes have an ion beam that can mill away your sample or deposit metal on the surface.

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So what is the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?

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The major difference is that light microscopy uses light as an energy source,

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whereas electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons.

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Light microscopy is easy to use,

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easy to prepare samples, and you can view live specimens.

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You can also see them in color,

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but you get much lower resolution and magnification.

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With an electron microscope you get high resolution,

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up to 1 million times magnification,

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with a larger depth of field,

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but you only get black and white images.

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You also have to do more involved sample preparation,

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and you cannot view live specimens.

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You also need an electrically conductive sample.

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The invention of the electron microscope changed the world of science forever.

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It is used in many fields such as biology,

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medicine, chemistry, geology, material science, and even forensics.

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Thank you for visiting the EPIC lab at the Nuas Center.

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We hope that you'll come back sometime and explore inner space with us.

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इस वीडियो के साथ बोलने का अभ्यास क्यों करें?

इस वीडियो में पेश किया गया वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण अंग्रेजी बोलने वालों के लिए एक अनूठा अवसर प्रस्तुत करता है। जब आप shadowspeaks तकनीक का उपयोग करते हैं, तो आप न केवल शब्दों का उच्चारण सही करते हैं, बल्कि वैज्ञानिक शब्दावली को भी प्रभावी तरीके से समझ पाते हैं। यहाँ के वैज्ञानिक प्रयोगशाला के वातावरण में आप विभिन्न खगोलीय लेंस और विद्युत कणों के विषय में चर्चा करते हैं, जिससे आपकी संवाद क्षमता में सुधार होगा। जब आप इस वीडियो के संवाद का अभ्यास करते हैं, तो आप शब्दों के सही उच्चारण और प्रवाह को सीखते हैं, जो आपके आत्मविश्वास को बढ़ाता है।

व्याकरण और संदर्भ में अभिव्यक्तियाँ

“What is a microscope?” - यह प्रश्नात्मक संरचना आपको संवाद में बातचीत को चालू रखने में मदद करती है।
“This makes objects seen through a lens look much bigger or smaller.” - यहाँ पर “seen through” का उपयोग करना सुनने में मददगार होता है, जिससे आप क्रियापद के विभिन्न रूपों को समझते हैं।
“We can see that a microscope is an instrument…” - इस प्रकार की व्याकरणिक संरचना से आप इस प्रश्न को स्पष्टता से प्रस्तुत कर सकते हैं।
“Another form of energy comes as an electron beam.” - यह वाक्य प्राथमिकता और विशेषता को दर्शाता है, जो आपके संवाद में विविधता लाएगा।

आम उच्चारण के जाल

वीडियो में कुछ शब्दों का उच्चारण चुनौती भरा हो सकता है। माइक्रोस्कोप (microscope) का उच्चारण ‘माइक्रो-स्कोप’ के रूप में करें, न कि ‘माइक्रोस्कोप’ की तरह। इसी तरह, विद्युत कण (electron) के लिए ‘इलेक्ट्रॉन’ का उच्चारण ठीक तरीके से करें। वीडियो में बोलने वाले का सहजता से उच्चारण एक आदर्श उदाहरण है कि कैसे स्पष्टता और सही उच्चारण से आपकी बोलने की क्षमता में सुधार हो सकता है। धीरे-धीरे Shadowing सत्र के साथ अभ्यास करें ताकि आप उचित लहजे और टोन के साथ संवाद कर सकें। इस प्रक्रिया को अंग्रेजी शैडोइंग के माध्यम से भी करें, जहां आप शैडो स्पीक तकनीक का उपयोग करके बेहतर संवाद करने का अभ्यास कर सकते हैं।

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	was developed · are made · is placed
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	Have you ever seen · Have you ever noticed

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Intro to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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