Shadowing Practice: Intro to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
127 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
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Welcome to the Technological Institute at Northwestern University.
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Today we are going to tour the Northwestern Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center,
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or the Nuance Center.
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We're going to start in the EPIC lab,
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which stands for Electron Probe Instrumentation Center.
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Here at EPIC, scientists from all over the world use high-powered electron microscopes to characterize a large range of different materials.
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Scientists such as geologists who study rocks,
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biologists who study cells, and even scientists who look at individual atoms and teeth use these electron microscopes.
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But what is an electron microscope?
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How is it different from a traditional light microscope you see in labs all over the country?
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What even is a microscope?
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Let's take a tour of the EPIC facility to learn more about the vast and growing field of microscopy.
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So what is a microscope?
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Let's dissect the word.
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The root scope means to watch or to see,
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and the prefix micro means extremely small.
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Together we can see that a microscope is an instrument
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that allows someone to see a very small object and comes in many shapes and sizes.
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The microscope you're probably most familiar with is an optical or light microscope.
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It was developed in the 1600s by scientists who made glasses.
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are made out of glass lenses that bend light.
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This makes objects seen through a lens look much bigger or smaller than they actually are.
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Telescopes, binoculars, microscopes, and cameras are all examples of objects that use glass lenses.
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In this microscope, a light source travels through a series of glass lenses.
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The first lens is the eyepiece lens.
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This makes the image bigger that's produced by what's called the objective lens.
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The objective lens is the highest power lens that's closest to the sample.
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Some microscopes have a condenser lens which concentrates the light beam before it travels through your sample.
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The sample is placed on the stage above the condenser lens and below the objective lens.
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Light then travels up through the lenses reaching your eye.
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What we're looking at now is a fly's wing in the light microscope.
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You can start to see the texture
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and even the hairs on the fly's wing that you couldn't see before with the naked eye.
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With the objective lenses on an optical microscope you can magnify the object up to 2,000 times.
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The way this microscope works is very similar to the microscope you have in your pocket.
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Light is energy that travels in waves of different wavelengths ranging from about 400 to 700 nanometers.
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This is visible by the human eye.
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Using light, we can make objects appear thousands of times larger than they actually are.
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But what if we want to see something millions of times larger?
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Something like a cell or a virus?
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Another form of energy comes as an electron beam.
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An electron is a very small negative charged particle that is part of an atom.
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A beam of electrons has a wavelength several orders of magnitude smaller than visible light.
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In order to use an electron beam to create an image,
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we have to use a special microscope called an SEM,
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or a scanning electron microscope.
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Here is one of our SEMs.
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It has an electron source at the top of the column
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that travels through the microscope column itself and into the specimen chamber where the image is created by a series of detectors.
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You cannot bend an electron beam with glass so you have to use special electromagnetic lenses.
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The lens set up in electron microscope is very similar to a light microscope.
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It has a light source or an energy source at the top,
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a condenser lens, an objective lens,
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and the sample is kept in a slightly different spot inside the specimen chamber.
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The image you see from light microscope is projected directly onto your eye.
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The electron microscope image is processed and displayed on a computer screen.
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An electron microscope sample is prepared on an aluminum pin stub using special carbon glue or carbon tape.
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We then coat the sample with metal,
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something that the electrons can pass through like a filament in your light bulb.
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If the electrons cannot pass through your sample,
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charging artifacts can make your image look really messy.
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Adding a layer of metal can help dissipate the charge buildup on the surface of the sample,
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making your image look much better.
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Once the samples are ready,
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they are inserted into the stage inside the SEM.
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Inside the SEM you can see the special detectors we use to create the image,
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as well as the objective lens pull piece that houses the objective lens and where the beam comes out.
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Now we can close the door and pump down the chamber.
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We have to remove all the air molecules inside the specimen chamber.
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If the electron beam interacts with air,
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it will scatter and not make it to the sample.
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By removing the air molecules,
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we create an unobstructed path directly to the sample surface.
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Now we are ready to go.
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Let's turn on the beam and see how this works.
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We move the stage under the pole piece to move around the sample.
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But how is the image being created?
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As the beam hits the sample,
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it interacts and creates secondary electrons that get sucked up by the secondary electron detector inside the chamber.
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As it scans across the sample,
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the signal is collected for each point or pixel and creates your image.
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This is the same fly we were looking at before.
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Unlike light microscopy,
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the signal you see in this image is from the surface of the specimen it does not travel through the specimen.
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Now we can see details on the wing that we couldn't see with the light microscope.
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Look at the hairs on the surface of the fly's legs.
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With an electron microscope like this SEM,
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you can magnify the image up to one million times.
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This is much greater than the 2,000 times of an optical microscope.
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This is the fly's leg.
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We also saw this with the light microscope,
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but what we didn't see are these hairs on the surface.
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The electron microscope allows you to achieve resolutions that you are unable to see with a light microscope.
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Sometimes the charge buildup on the surface of a sensitive sample can make the sample move.
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Here's the fly's compound eye.
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Have you ever seen this before by looking at a fly with the naked eye?
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Can you guess what this is?
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These tiny squares are about 1 micron wide.
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That's 1,000th of a millimeter.
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And makes up the pixels in your cell phone camera.
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Finally, this is the back end of a spider.
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It almost looks like the texture in your fingerprint.
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Another type of signal ejected from the specimen during the electron beam interaction are x-rays.
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With x-rays, we can determine the chemical composition of a material, like this penny.
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You can see that this penny is composed of copper and zinc.
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Since 1982, pennies were no longer made of pure copper and were made of copper-coated zinc.
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Have you ever noticed that Abraham Lincoln is sitting inside the Lincoln Memorial on a penny?
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Some other electron microscopes have an ion beam that can mill away your sample or deposit metal on the surface.
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So what is the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?
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The major difference is that light microscopy uses light as an energy source,
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whereas electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons.
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Light microscopy is easy to use,
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easy to prepare samples, and you can view live specimens.
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You can also see them in color,
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but you get much lower resolution and magnification.
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With an electron microscope you get high resolution,
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up to 1 million times magnification,
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with a larger depth of field,
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but you only get black and white images.
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You also have to do more involved sample preparation,
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and you cannot view live specimens.
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You also need an electrically conductive sample.
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The invention of the electron microscope changed the world of science forever.
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It is used in many fields such as biology,
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medicine, chemistry, geology, material science, and even forensics.
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Thank you for visiting the EPIC lab at the Nuas Center.
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We hope that you'll come back sometime and explore inner space with us.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C2 מבוסס על הסרטון “Intro to Scanning Electron Microscopy”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: microscope, electron, sample, lens, image. בסרטון הזה יש 127 משפטים ו-1390 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 9:01. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-154 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 76% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| microscope שם עצם | /ˈmaɪ.kɹəˌskoʊp/ | מִיקְרוֹסְקוֹפִּ |
| electron שם עצם | /ɪˈlɛk.tɹɑn/ | אֶלֶקְטְרוֹן |
| penny שם עצם | /ˈpɛni/ | פֶּנִי |
| detector שם עצם | /dɪˈtɛktə(ɹ)/ | גלאי |
| optical שם תואר | /ˈɑptɪkəl/ | אופטי |
| wavelength שם עצם | /ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/ | אורך גל, אֹרֶךְ גַּל |
| zinc שם עצם | /ˈzɪŋk/ | אָבָץ |
| molecule שם עצם | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | מוֹלֵקוּלָה |
| pixel שם עצם | /ˈpɪk.səl/ | פִּיקְסֶל, פִּיקְסֶלִים |
| atom שם עצם | /ˈætəm/ | אָטוֹם |
| scan פועל | /skæn/ | סָרַק |
| binoculars שם עצם | /(ˌ)baɪˈnɑ.kjə.lɚz/ | מִשְׁקֶפֶת |
| biologist שם עצם | /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/ | ביולוג \ בִּיוֹלוֹג |
| filament שם עצם | /ˈfɪləmənt/ | חוט להט |
| geologist שם עצם | /d͡ʒiˈɑːlədʒɪst/ | גאולוג, גאולוגית |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| come back פועל | שָׁב | |
| come out פועל | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | יָצָא |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | was developed · are made · is placed |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | Have you ever seen · Have you ever noticed |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-7 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו couldn't, we're, didn't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: magnification /ˌmæɡnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: microscopy /maɪˈkɹɑ.skə.pi/, magnification /ˌmæɡnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, binoculars /(ˌ)baɪˈnɑ.kjə.lɚz/, biologist /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: wavelength /ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/, microwave /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: magnification /ˌmæɡnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, magnify /ˈmæɡnɪfaɪ/, atom /ˈætəm/, interact /ɪn.təˈɹækt/, scan /skæn/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: microscope /ˈmaɪ.kɹəˌskoʊp/, electron /ɪˈlɛk.tɹɑn/, microscopy /maɪˈkɹɑ.skə.pi/, detector /dɪˈtɛktə(ɹ)/, texture /ˈtɛkst͡ʃə(ɹ)/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו microscope, electron, penny.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.