Pratique du Shadowing: The History of Time Measurement IELTS Listening Test with Answers - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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Question 4.
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86 phrases
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Question 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture about time measurement.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now, listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Good morning, everyone.
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Today, I'm going to talk about the research project I've been involved in on time measurement.
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Do you know how time is measured?
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Consider how we measure length and how,
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with time, we encounter a difficulty.
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Before we could grasp it,
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it would slip through our fingers.
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In fact, as we can see,
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we are forced to have the resource to measure something else.
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The movement of something in space or a set of movements in space.
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All the methods that have been employed so far really measure time by a motion in space.
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The measurement of time is no easy matter,
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a scientific unit only arrived at after much thought and reflection.
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As the most primitive form of measurement,
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the sun seems to be natural.
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Ever since man first noticed the regular movements of the sun and stars,
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we have wondered about the passage of time.
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Prehistoric people first recorded time according to the sun's position.
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To start off, let us take noon,
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which is when the Sun is on the meridian at the highest point of its course across the heavens,
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and when it casts the shortest shadow.
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But this measurement, which was regarded as a major one in ancient times,
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was less important than the natural events that occurred.
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The earliest natural events that had been recognized were in the heavens,
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but during the course of the year there were many other events that indicated significant changes in the environment.
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Seasonal winds and rains, the flooding of rivers,
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the flowering of trees and plants,
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and the breeding cycles or migration of animals all led to natural divisions of the year,
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and the further observation and local customs led to the recognition of the seasons.
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Years later, precise measurements were invented
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because the passage of time was extremely important for astronomers
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and priests who were responsible for determining the exact hour for daily rituals and for important religious festivals.
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Apart from the connection with religion,
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accurate time measurement was also related to the government,
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since they divided the day or the night into different periods in order to regulate work and various events.
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For thousands of years, devices had been used to measure and keep track of time.
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The current sexagesimal system of time measurement dates back to approximately 2000 BCE from the Sumerians.
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It was found that the earliest ancient timekeepers were mainly invented and used in Mesopotamia,
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where the water clock was introduced from,
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as well as in North Africa,
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especially in the area of ancient Egypt.
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So, now I'd like to introduce you to some of the most well-known ancient timekeepers,
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as well as the disadvantages of them,
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for which they were replaced by various new forms of clocks that were used afterwards.
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A sun dial is a device that tells the time of day by the apparent positioning of the sun in the sky.
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In the narrowest sense of the word,
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it consists of a flat plate and a nomon which casts a shadow onto the dial.
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As the sun appears to move across the sky,
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the shadow aligns with different hour lines marked on the dial to indicate the time of day.
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However, it was quickly noted that the length of the day varied at different times of the year,
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therefore there could have been a difference between clock time and sundial time.
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In addition, the sundial was of no use at night,
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so a water clock was invented.
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The water clock, or clepsydra,
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appeared to have been invented around 1500 BCE
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and was a device which relied on the steady flow of water from or into a container.
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Measurements could be marked on the container or on a receptacle for the water.
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It was reliable, but the water flow still depended on the variation of pressure
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and temperature from the top of water in the container.
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As the technology of glassblowing developed from some time in the 14th century,
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it became possible to make sand glasses.
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Originally, they were used as a measurement for periods of time like lamps or candles.
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But as clocks became more accurate,
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they were calibrated to measure specific periods of time.
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The drawback, however, as you can imagine,
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was the limited length of time they could measure.
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The last timekeeper to be introduced is the fire candle clock.
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Candle clocks took advantage of a simple concept,
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the slow and consistent nature of a burning wax candle.
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By utilizing this process, our ancestors were able to keep steady track of the time.
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The clocks were created by engraving the length of the candle with evenly spaced markings.
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Each marking represented a single unit of time,
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and as the wax burned down, each hour would disappear.
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However, the drafts and the variable quality of the wax mainly influenced the time of burning.
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Like oil lamps,
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candles were used to mark the passage of time from one event to another rather than tell the time of day.
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That is the end of section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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That is the end of the listening test.
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Please wait for the answers.
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Thank you.

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Why practice speaking with this video?

Practicing your speaking skills with the video "The History of Time Measurement" offers a rich context for language learning. By engaging with the content, you will not only become familiar with the topic but also enhance your overall English proficiency. The discussion revolves around the evolution of time measurement, which entails a variety of vocabulary and phrases that can significantly expand your linguistic capabilities. This lecture format mimics real-life speaking situations, making it an excellent opportunity to practice shadow speech techniques. By listening attentively, you can repeat phrases and sentences immediately after you hear them, reinforcing your pronunciation and intonation. Utilizing this method consistently will aid you in achieving fluency while mastering the art of shadow speaking.

Grammar & Expressions in Context

The speaker’s presentation includes several structures and expressions that are particularly beneficial for English learners:

  • Simple Present Tense: "The measurement of time is no easy matter." This form is useful for conveying facts and general truths.
  • Passive Voice: "Devices had been used to measure and keep track of time." This structure is essential for emphasizing the action rather than the subject, a common occurrence in academic English.
  • Comparatives: "This measurement... was less important than the natural events that occurred." This allows learners to practice expressing comparisons succinctly.
  • Temporal Clauses: "As the most primitive form of measurement, the sun seems to be natural." This structure helps in establishing time relationships in your speech.

Incorporating these grammatical structures into your own speaking practice, especially through a shadowing app, can lead to a more nuanced understanding of English communication.

Common Pronunciation Traps

During the lecture, the speaker uses several terms that might pose pronunciation challenges:

  • Meridian: The ‘r’ and ‘d’ sounds are crucial and often mispronounced.
  • Mesopotamia: This word has a specific rhythm that may be difficult for non-native speakers to master, particularly the syllable stress.
  • Seasonal: The vowel sounds can be tricky; practicing the word repeatedly can help solidify correct pronunciation.

By focusing on these tricky words while practicing your shadow speech, you'll not only enhance your speaking ability but also your overall confidence in English. Employing the shadowing technique allows you to absorb the accent and rhythm of the language, which is vital for effective communication.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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