Практика Shadowing: The History of Time Measurement IELTS Listening Test with Answers - Изучайте разговорный английский с YouTube

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Question 4.
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Question 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture about time measurement.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now, listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Good morning, everyone.
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Today, I'm going to talk about the research project I've been involved in on time measurement.
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Do you know how time is measured?
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Consider how we measure length and how,
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with time, we encounter a difficulty.
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Before we could grasp it,
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it would slip through our fingers.
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In fact, as we can see,
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we are forced to have the resource to measure something else.
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The movement of something in space or a set of movements in space.
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All the methods that have been employed so far really measure time by a motion in space.
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The measurement of time is no easy matter,
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a scientific unit only arrived at after much thought and reflection.
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As the most primitive form of measurement,
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the sun seems to be natural.
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Ever since man first noticed the regular movements of the sun and stars,
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we have wondered about the passage of time.
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Prehistoric people first recorded time according to the sun's position.
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To start off, let us take noon,
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which is when the Sun is on the meridian at the highest point of its course across the heavens,
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and when it casts the shortest shadow.
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But this measurement, which was regarded as a major one in ancient times,
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was less important than the natural events that occurred.
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The earliest natural events that had been recognized were in the heavens,
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but during the course of the year there were many other events that indicated significant changes in the environment.
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Seasonal winds and rains, the flooding of rivers,
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the flowering of trees and plants,
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and the breeding cycles or migration of animals all led to natural divisions of the year,
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and the further observation and local customs led to the recognition of the seasons.
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Years later, precise measurements were invented
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because the passage of time was extremely important for astronomers
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and priests who were responsible for determining the exact hour for daily rituals and for important religious festivals.
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Apart from the connection with religion,
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accurate time measurement was also related to the government,
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since they divided the day or the night into different periods in order to regulate work and various events.
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For thousands of years, devices had been used to measure and keep track of time.
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The current sexagesimal system of time measurement dates back to approximately 2000 BCE from the Sumerians.
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It was found that the earliest ancient timekeepers were mainly invented and used in Mesopotamia,
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where the water clock was introduced from,
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as well as in North Africa,
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especially in the area of ancient Egypt.
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So, now I'd like to introduce you to some of the most well-known ancient timekeepers,
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as well as the disadvantages of them,
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for which they were replaced by various new forms of clocks that were used afterwards.
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A sun dial is a device that tells the time of day by the apparent positioning of the sun in the sky.
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In the narrowest sense of the word,
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it consists of a flat plate and a nomon which casts a shadow onto the dial.
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As the sun appears to move across the sky,
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the shadow aligns with different hour lines marked on the dial to indicate the time of day.
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However, it was quickly noted that the length of the day varied at different times of the year,
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therefore there could have been a difference between clock time and sundial time.
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In addition, the sundial was of no use at night,
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so a water clock was invented.
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The water clock, or clepsydra,
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appeared to have been invented around 1500 BCE
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and was a device which relied on the steady flow of water from or into a container.
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Measurements could be marked on the container or on a receptacle for the water.
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It was reliable, but the water flow still depended on the variation of pressure
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and temperature from the top of water in the container.
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As the technology of glassblowing developed from some time in the 14th century,
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it became possible to make sand glasses.
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Originally, they were used as a measurement for periods of time like lamps or candles.
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But as clocks became more accurate,
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they were calibrated to measure specific periods of time.
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The drawback, however, as you can imagine,
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was the limited length of time they could measure.
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The last timekeeper to be introduced is the fire candle clock.
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Candle clocks took advantage of a simple concept,
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the slow and consistent nature of a burning wax candle.
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By utilizing this process, our ancestors were able to keep steady track of the time.
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The clocks were created by engraving the length of the candle with evenly spaced markings.
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Each marking represented a single unit of time,
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and as the wax burned down, each hour would disappear.
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However, the drafts and the variable quality of the wax mainly influenced the time of burning.
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Like oil lamps,
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candles were used to mark the passage of time from one event to another rather than tell the time of day.
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That is the end of section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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That is the end of the listening test.
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Please wait for the answers.
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Thank you.

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Об этом уроке

В этом уроке мы сосредоточимся на измерении времени и его историческом развитии. Вы сможете улучшить свои навыки слушания и произношения, слушая лекцию о времени. Этот контент поможет вам понять, как разные культуры измеряли время на протяжении истории, и как эти методы повлияли на современные представления о времени. В процессе урока вы будете практиковать произношение, используя метод shadowing английский, что позволит вам отточить свои разговорные навыки в английском языке.

Ключевая лексика и фразы

  • Измерение времени (time measurement)
  • Примитивная форма измерения (primitive form of measurement)
  • Солнечные часы (sundial)
  • Сезонные ветры и дожди (seasonal winds and rains)
  • Циклы размножения (breeding cycles)
  • Точная мера (precise measurements)
  • Египетские часы (Egyptian timekeepers)
  • Космическое движение (movement in space)

Советы по практике

Чтобы эффективно использовать материал из этого видео, мы рекомендуем вам применять метод shadow speak. Слушая лекцию, сначала внимательно обратите внимание на произношение и интонацию лектора. Затем попробуйте повторить фразы синхронно с аудио, чтобы улучшить вашу shadow speech и уверенность в разговорном английском. Обратите внимание на скорость лектора — она может быть довольно быстрой, поэтому не стесняйтесь замедлить видео, если это необходимо для лучшего понимания. Одной из главных задач является не просто имитация, но и полное понимание содержания, что позволит вам использовать язык более органично. Вы также можете записывать свой голос, чтобы отслеживать прогресс и замечать области, требующие улучшения. Это поможет вам в практике разговорного английского и даст возможность со временем достичь значительных результатов в умении говорить на английском языке.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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