Pratique du Shadowing: Three Ways to Destroy the Universe - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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One day the universe will die.
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But why? And how? And will the universe be dead forever?
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And how do we know that?
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First of all, the universe is expanding.
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And not only that, the rate of its expansion is accelerating.
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The reason: dark energy.
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Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe.
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Until 1998 we thought that the universe must work a bit like a ball that you throw into the sky.
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The ball moves up, but at some point it has to come down again.
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But the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up.
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That’s like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away faster and faster and faster.
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Where is this acceleration coming from?
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Well, we don’t know, but we call it “dark energy”.
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Einstein thought of it first and then decided it was stupid.
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Now, astrophysicists have decided it is plausible.
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Trouble is, this is all very theoretical, and we don’t actually know what the properties of dark energy are.
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But there are various theories and they lead us to three scenarios for the end of the universe.
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One: the Big Rip.
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Since its birth, the universe has been expanding.
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For unknown reasons new spaces created everywhere equally.
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The space between galaxies expands, so they move apart.
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The space inside galaxies also expands, but here, gravity is strong enough to keep them together.
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In the Big Rip scenario, the expansion accelerates up to a point where space expands so fast that gravity can’t compensate for this effect anymore.
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The result is a Big Rip.
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At first, only large structures like galaxies are torn apart, since space between the single objects expands very fast.
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Next, big bodies like black holes, stars, and planets die.
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Their gravity isn’t strong enough to keep them together, so they dissolve into their components.
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In the end, space would expand faster than the speed of light.
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Atoms would now be affected, and they would just disband.
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Once space is expanding faster than light, no particle in the universe can interact with any other particle anymore.
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The universe would dissolve into countless lonely particles that won’t be able to touch anything else in a strange, timeless universe.
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Hmm, and you thought you felt lonely!
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Two: Heat death or a Big Freeze.
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In a nutshell, the difference between the Big Rip and heat death is that in a heat death scenario matter stays intact and is converted over an incredibly long but finite period of time into radiation, while the universe expands forever.
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But how does this work? Let’s talk about entropy.
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Every system tends towards the state of highest entropy, like when we have a latte macchiato.
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Initially, it has different regions, but over time, they will cool down and disintegrate, until it’s uniform.
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And this also applies to the universe.
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So, while the universe gets bigger and bigger, matters slowly decays and spreads out.
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At some point, after lots of generations of stars, all the gas clouds necessary to form stars will be exhausted, so the universe will turn dark.
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The remaining suns will die; black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions of years due to what’s known as Hawking radiation.
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When this process is complete, only a dilute gas of photons and light particles remains, until even this decays.
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All activity in the universe ceases at this point; entropy is at its maximum and the universe is dead forever.
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Unless… theoretically, it might be possible that after an incredibly long amount of time, there might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called “quantum tunneling”, leading to a new Big Bang.
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Three: Big Crunch and Big Bounce.
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This is the most uplifting scenario.
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If there is less dark energy than we think or it decreases over time, gravity will be the dominating force in the universe one day.
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In a few trillion years, the rate of expansion of the universe will slow down and stop.
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After that, it reverses.
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Galaxies will race at each other, merging as the universe becomes smaller and smaller.
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Since a smaller universe also means a hotter universe, temperatures rise everywhere all at once.
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One hundred thousand years before the Big Crunch, background radiation would be hotter than the surfaces of the most stars, which means that they would be cooked from the outside.
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Minutes before the Big Crunch happens, atom cores are ripped apart, before supermassive black holes devour everything.
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Finally, all black holes would emerge into a supermassive mega-black hole that contains the entire mass of the universe, and in the last moment before the Big Crunch it would devour the universe, including itself.
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The Big Bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times and that the universe goes through an infinite cycle of expansion and contraction.
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Well, wouldn’t that be nice?
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So what will actually happen to the universe in the end?
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At the moment, heat death seems the most likely, but we at Kurzgesagt hope that this “dead forever” stuff is wrong and the universe will start over and over again.
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We don't know for sure either way, so let’s just assume the most uplifting theory is true.
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By the way, we have a Twitter account.
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Subtitles by the Amara.org community
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Three Ways to Destroy the Universe ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : universe, space, expand, dark, expansion. Cette vidéo contient 61 phrases et 883 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:15. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 141 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 82 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| entropy nom | /ˈɛntɹəpi/ | entropie |
| particle nom | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | particule |
| devour verbe | /dɪˈvaʊɚ/ | dévorer |
| dissolve verbe | /dɪˈzɑlv/ | dissoudre |
| uplifting adjectif | qui met de bonne humeur, qui remonte le moral | |
| accelerate verbe | /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/ | accélérer |
| atom nom | /ˈætəm/ | atome |
| decay nom | /diˈkeɪ/ | décrépitude |
| astrophysicist nom | /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/ | astrophysicien, astrophysicienne |
| contraction nom | /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/ | contraction |
| degenerate adjectif | /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/ | dégradé, dégénéré |
| dilute verbe | /daɪˈljuːt/ | diluer, couper |
| disband verbe | /dɪsˈbænd/ | démanteler, décommissionner |
| disintegrate verbe | /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/ | désintégrer |
| evaporate verbe | /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/ | évaporer, s'évaporer |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| come down verbe | descendre, tomber | |
| cool down verbe | /kuːl ˈdaʊn/ | se refroidir, refroidir |
| go through verbe | traverser | |
| slow down verbe | ralentir, décélérer | |
| speed up verbe | /spiːdˈʌp/ | accélérer |
| start over verbe | recommencer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are torn · be affected · is converted |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have decided · has happened |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 7 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, can't, isn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, acceleration /əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, degenerate /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/, disintegrate /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/, evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: degenerate /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/, merge /mɝd͡ʒ/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: entropy /ˈɛntɹəpi/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme entropy, particle, devour.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.