Pratique du Shadowing: Three Ways to Destroy the Universe - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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One day the universe will die.
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One day the universe will die.
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But why? And how? And will the universe be dead forever?
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And how do we know that?
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First of all, the universe is expanding.
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And not only that, the rate of its expansion is accelerating.
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The reason: dark energy.
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Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe.
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Until 1998 we thought that the universe must work a bit like a ball that you throw into the sky.
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The ball moves up, but at some point it has to come down again.
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But the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up.
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That’s like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away faster and faster and faster.
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Where is this acceleration coming from?
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Well, we don’t know, but we call it “dark energy”.
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Einstein thought of it first and then decided it was stupid.
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Now, astrophysicists have decided it is plausible.
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Trouble is, this is all very theoretical, and we don’t actually know what the properties of dark energy are.
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But there are various theories and they lead us to three scenarios for the end of the universe.
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One: the Big Rip.
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Since its birth, the universe has been expanding.
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For unknown reasons new spaces created everywhere equally.
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The space between galaxies expands, so they move apart.
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The space inside galaxies also expands, but here, gravity is strong enough to keep them together.
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In the Big Rip scenario, the expansion accelerates up to a point where space expands so fast that gravity can’t compensate for this effect anymore.
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The result is a Big Rip.
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At first, only large structures like galaxies are torn apart, since space between the single objects expands very fast.
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Next, big bodies like black holes, stars, and planets die.
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Their gravity isn’t strong enough to keep them together, so they dissolve into their components.
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In the end, space would expand faster than the speed of light.
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Atoms would now be affected, and they would just disband.
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Once space is expanding faster than light, no particle in the universe can interact with any other particle anymore.
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The universe would dissolve into countless lonely particles that won’t be able to touch anything else in a strange, timeless universe.
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Hmm, and you thought you felt lonely!
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Two: Heat death or a Big Freeze.
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In a nutshell, the difference between the Big Rip and heat death is that in a heat death scenario matter stays intact and is converted over an incredibly long but finite period of time into radiation, while the universe expands forever.
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But how does this work? Let’s talk about entropy.
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Every system tends towards the state of highest entropy, like when we have a latte macchiato.
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Initially, it has different regions, but over time, they will cool down and disintegrate, until it’s uniform.
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And this also applies to the universe.
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So, while the universe gets bigger and bigger, matters slowly decays and spreads out.
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At some point, after lots of generations of stars, all the gas clouds necessary to form stars will be exhausted, so the universe will turn dark.
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The remaining suns will die; black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions of years due to what’s known as Hawking radiation.
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When this process is complete, only a dilute gas of photons and light particles remains, until even this decays.
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All activity in the universe ceases at this point; entropy is at its maximum and the universe is dead forever.
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Unless… theoretically, it might be possible that after an incredibly long amount of time, there might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called “quantum tunneling”, leading to a new Big Bang.
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Three: Big Crunch and Big Bounce.
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This is the most uplifting scenario.
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If there is less dark energy than we think or it decreases over time, gravity will be the dominating force in the universe one day.
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In a few trillion years, the rate of expansion of the universe will slow down and stop.
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After that, it reverses.
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Galaxies will race at each other, merging as the universe becomes smaller and smaller.
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Since a smaller universe also means a hotter universe, temperatures rise everywhere all at once.
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One hundred thousand years before the Big Crunch, background radiation would be hotter than the surfaces of the most stars, which means that they would be cooked from the outside.
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Minutes before the Big Crunch happens, atom cores are ripped apart, before supermassive black holes devour everything.
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Finally, all black holes would emerge into a supermassive mega-black hole that contains the entire mass of the universe, and in the last moment before the Big Crunch it would devour the universe, including itself.
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The Big Bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times and that the universe goes through an infinite cycle of expansion and contraction.
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Well, wouldn’t that be nice?
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So what will actually happen to the universe in the end?
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At the moment, heat death seems the most likely, but we at Kurzgesagt hope that this “dead forever” stuff is wrong and the universe will start over and over again.
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We don't know for sure either way, so let’s just assume the most uplifting theory is true.
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By the way, we have a Twitter account.
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Subtitles by the Amara.org community

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Why practice speaking with this video?

This video titled "Three Ways to Destroy the Universe" offers a fascinating exploration of complex astrophysical concepts. By practicing your speaking skills using this video, you not only gain insight into advanced scientific topics but also enhance your English fluency in a captivating context. Engaging with this material enables you to improve your IELTS speaking practice as it introduces specialized vocabulary and phrases, which can elevate your proficiency levels. Incorporating the method of shadowing—where you repeat after the speaker—can significantly boost your retention of new words and structures. Plus, using a shadow speech technique helps you mirror intonations and rhythms, vital for effective communication.

Grammar & Expressions in Context

Throughout the video, several key grammatical structures and expressions illustrate the speaker’s points:

  • Present Continuous Tense: “the universe is expanding” highlights an ongoing action, which is crucial for conveying real-time scientific phenomena.
  • Passive Voice: Phrases like “it might be possible” reflect a level of uncertainty and speculation that is prominent in academic discussions, valuable for learners looking to express complex ideas.
  • Conditionals: The use of “if” in “if there is less dark energy” showcases how to discuss hypothetical situations, a common requirement in English assessments.
  • Complex Sentences: The structure “this is all very theoretical, and we don’t actually know what the properties are” teaches students about fluency in connecting ideas smoothly.

Common Pronunciation Traps

While shadowing the speaker, you may encounter several pronunciation challenges that offer excellent practice opportunities:

  • Words like “accelerating”: Pay attention to the double "c" sound, which can be tricky. Emphasizing the syllables (“ac-cel-er-a-ting”) will help make your pronunciation clearer.
  • “Dark energy”: The combination of these two words can lead to quick pronunciation errors. Focus on articulating both words distinctly for improved clarity.
  • Technical terms: Words such as “Hawking radiation” and “Big Rip” may require extra practice due to their scientific nature. Make sure to familiarize yourself with these terms by utilizing a shadowing app that allows you to repeat and refine your pronunciation.

By integrating these practices into your study routine, you’ll not only enhance your speaking skills but also deepen your understanding of intricate topics in English, ultimately fostering both confidence and fluency in your conversations.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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