Pratique du Shadowing: Warren Buffett: How To Analyze a BALANCE SHEET - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Warren Buffett has been analyzing businesses for more than 80 years over that time he's read thousands of annual reports and has analyzed a balance sheet countless times that experience has allowed him to create five investing rules of thumb that allow him to analyze any balance sheet
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in just a few seconds in this video I'll explain Buffett's five rules of thumb and show you how Chipotle's balance sheet Stacks up against them hi my name is Brian Feroldi I'm a financial educator who's been analyzing and investing in businesses for more than 20 years let's get started first
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let's make sure we understand what a balance sheet is a balance sheet is one of the three major financial statement that shows everything a company owns and owes to others the balance sheet is ruled by the master ACC equation that states that assets must always equal liabilities
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plus shareholders Equity these two parts of the equation must always be in Perfect Balance hence the name of the balance sheet now when it comes to analyzing a balance sheet Buffett has five main rules of thumbs that he looks for rule of thumb number one relates to the company's
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cash balance vers its debt formula here is quite simple you just take the company's cash and cash a equivalence and compare them to the company's debt his rule of thumb is that a company has more cash than debt so when looking at a balance sheet here we would take the company's cash
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and marketable securities which is $3,000 compare them to the company's debt which is $2,000 in this case this company has more cash than debt which would pass his rule why did Buffett invent this
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rule well he likes to invest in companies that are so good at producing cash that they don't need to use any debt at all to run the business so if he sees a business that has more cash than debt that's that's a positive sign Buffett's rule of thumb number two relates to the company's debt
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to equity ratio Formula here is quite simple you take the company's total liabilities and you divide it by shareholders Equity Buffett wants to see this number below 0.8 so when
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looking at this company its total liabilities is $44,000 we would take that and we would divide it by the company's total equity which in this case is $122,000 that would give us a debt to equity
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ratio of 0.33 which is below Buffett's 0.8 figure now what is this of thumb me well Buffett likes to invest in companies that produce so much cash that they finance themselves with Equity not with
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debt when a company has a debt to equity ratio below 0.8 that tells him that the company has financed itself with equity and has largely been able to avoid debt rule of thumb number three relates to preferred stock the formula here couldn't be simpler the preferred stock equals
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zero so his rule of thumb is that a company does not have any preferred stock on its balance sheet now every balance sheet you see will have its own layout in terms but generally speaking preferred stock will be one of the first line items that you see in shareholders equity in this case here
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this company does not have any preferred stock listed which would be a good thing in Buffett's eye now why does Buffett have this rule of thumb in place well preferred stock is a bit of a hybrid between debt and equity and generally speaking strong companies never have to issue preferred
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stock to fund themselves so Buffett wants to see that a company does not have any preferred stock at all which indicates to him that the company is a financial Powerhouse that brings us to rule of thumb number four which is about retained earnings and specifically retained earnings growth Buffett
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likes to compare a company's retained earnings in the most recent period to the retained earnings in the last period and his rule of thumb is that this number consistently grows especially during recessions now to find this number we simply look in the shareholders Equity section of the balance
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sheet for a figure that's called retained earnings we want to see that this figure is positive and is larger than the same figure in the year ago period now why does he have this rule of thumb in place well if retained earnings is growing that means that the company is producing profits and it's
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also keeping a portion of that profits to reinvest in the business so if this number is consistently growing especially during periods of economic stress that is a very strong sign for investors
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okay rule of thumb number five relates to the company's treasury stock so the rule of thumb here is that the company has some treasury stock NOW treasury stock is found in the shareholders Equity portion of the balance sheet and in this case it's listed as zero but what is treasury
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stock Treasury stock is simply the cumulative amount of stock BuyBacks that a company has repurchased from its shareholders so Buffett wants to see that this figure is positive which indicates to him that the company is returning Capital to shareholders through stock BuyBacks
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now I just threw a bunch of information at you but I also made a simple PDF download that has all of Warren Buffett's financial statement rules of thumb on them if you want a free copy just visit longterm mindset. back/ Buffett or click the link in the video description now
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that we know Buffett's rules of thumb let's take a look at a real balance sheet to see these rules of thumb and action in this case I'm going to take a look at Chipotle's balance sheet to see these numbers in action so I've loaded Chipotle stock symbol CMG into finat and if I
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scroll down I click on balance sheet and here we have the company's balance sheet listed now in the most recent period this company had about $1.42 billion in cash and short-term Investments
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on its balance sheet that's quite good but how does that compare to the company's debt level well I'm going to click over to the company's liabilities and if I scroll my eyes down here I actually don't see the word debt listed anywhere that tells me that this company has a debt-free
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balance sheet so when it comes to rule of thumb number one this company has tons of cash zero debt it passes Buffett's test that brings us to rule of thumb number two the company's debt to equity
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ratio now to locate this number I'm going to go to finat scroll down to the ratios Tab and then click on Financial Health down here I'm going to see the company's debt to equity ratio which is currently
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1.2 now as a reminder Buffett wants to see this figure below 0.8 so on this test the company fails however this is where some Nuance needs to be applied remember that the debt to equity
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ratio takes the company's total liabilities and divides by the company's total Equity if you look at the company's total liabilities they're five billion however the company's largest liability is
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actually this long-term leases of $3.9 billion now personally I don't view this number as a problem on a company's balance sheet it simply means that chipotle has signed sign some leases and
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it's going to need to pay that rent in the years ahead so while some calculators consider this to be debt I do not so that's thing number one thing number two is if we click over to the company's
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Equity section we'll notice that this company only has $3.3 billion in total Equity however we see that the company's treasury stock which is stock that it has repurchased from shareholders
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is5 billion that is actually pulling this number down so if we adjust for the company's long-term leases and its Tre treasury stock the company's debt to equity ratio would actually be far below
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the 0.8 figure so while you might disagree with me I am personally going to give this company a check on this figure the next number here to look at is preferred stock and we want to see if this company does not have any so in finat we scroll down to the balance sheet we click over to
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equity and we're looking for the word here to be preferred stock now I don't see that word anywhere on here which means that chipotle does not have any preferred stock that's exactly what Buffett wants to see so I would give this figure a che as well the fourth number on Buffett's rules
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of thumb is retained earnings growth we want to track how this company's retained earnings have been progressing over the last couple of years now on finat retained earnings is kept in the balance sheet and then Equity section and we can actually click this number right here finat will actually
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automatically graph this figure and what we can see is that this number is consistently growing in fact if we widen this out to a longer time period we can see that chipotle has consistently grown its retained earnings for many years in a row including during 2020 and 2021 which
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were challenging periods for a lot of companies especially restaurants for that reason Chipotle passes this test too the final number here to look at is the company's treasury stock which is the amount of stock BuyBacks Buffett wants to see that this treasury stock number exists now
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treasury stock can be found in the balance sheet and then Equity portion and as we saw before this company has spent more than $5 billion buying back stock and this figure has actually increased over
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the year now it's recorded as a negative number but this just means that the company has actively bought back stock from investors so one thinking about Buffett's rule of thumb checklist Chipotle passes this test too so there you have it knowing these five simple balance sheet rules of thumb
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can make it much easier for anyone to analyze a balance sheet if this video was helpful give it the like button and let me know in the comment section below see you in the next video Brian out
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Warren Buffett: How To Analyze a BALANCE SHEET ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : stock, balance, sheet, rule, thumb. Cette vidéo contient 39 phrases et 1742 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 8:26. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 207 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| thumb nom | /ˈθʌm/ | pouce |
| shareholder nom | /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/ | actionnaire |
| analyze verbe | /ˈæn.əˌlaɪz/ | analyser |
| scroll nom | /skɹoʊl/ | rouleau (de papyrus ou de parchemin), papyrus |
| investor nom | /ɪnˈvɛs.tə(ɹ)/ | investisseur, investisseuse |
| equation nom | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | équation |
| checklist nom | /ˈt͡ʃɛklɪst/ | liste de contrôle |
| equivalence nom | /ɪˈkwɪv.ə.ləns/ | équivalence |
| educator nom | /ˈɛd͡ʒəkeɪtɚ/ | éducateur, éducatrice |
| cumulative adjectif | /ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv/ | cumulé, cumulée |
| calculator nom | /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/ | calculatrice, calculette |
| invent verbe | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | inventer |
| versatile adjectif | /ˈvɜː.səˌtaɪl/ | polyvalent |
| recession nom | /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/ | récession |
| mindset nom | /ˈmaɪn(d)ˌsɛt/ | état d'esprit, disposition d'esprit |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continu have/has been + -ing — une action commencée avant et toujours en cours | has been analyzing · have been progressing |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has analyzed · has financed · has repurchased |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is ruled · is found · be applied |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | securities which is · four which is · ratio which is |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 15 contractions et formes réduites, comme I'm, don't, couldn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: equivalence /ɪˈkwɪv.ə.ləns/, educator /ˈɛd͡ʒəkeɪtɚ/, cumulative /ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv/, calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: chipotle /t͡ʃɪˈpoʊt.leɪ/, checklist /ˈt͡ʃɛklɪst/, educator /ˈɛd͡ʒəkeɪtɚ/, adjust /əˈd͡ʒʌst/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/, scroll /skɹoʊl/, investor /ɪnˈvɛs.tə(ɹ)/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, distress /dɪˈstɹɛs/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme thumb, shareholder, analyze.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.