शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Learn C++ With Me #19 - Sets - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

Hello everybody.

And welcome to another C plus plus tutorial for beginners.

In today's video, I'll be covering sets.

Now we set is a data structure that tells us if an element is present or not.

That's really the best way to describe it.

And on this video, I will talk to you all about it. So the best way

that I can describe a set in the shortest number of words possible is an unordered collection of unique elements.

Keep that in mind.

As we go through this kind of example here, a set is an unordered collection of unique elements.

What that means is that when we use a set, we do not care about the order of elements.

We do not care about the frequency of elements.

We simply care does an element exist or does it not?

There's a lot of very good use cases for a set.

And the reason you would use a set is a similar reason to why you would use a map

because finding if something exists or if it doesn't exist can happen instantly.

So unlike an array where, as I described, you would need to look through the entire thing, or unlike a vector where you would need to look through the entire thing,

because it's an ordered collection of potentially non unique elements in a set, the element either exists or it does not.

And so to find it can happen instantly.

It doesn't matter if the set has a million elements or if it has one element.

Now I want to be very clear here, as I described this, this is kind of a generalization.

There is some instances in which you're using a set or a map, and it will take a little bit longer than instantly to discover if something exists.

Now that is again, well beyond the scope of this tutorial.

I'm not getting into lower level implementation of C plus plus built in features, but just understand that all of this is a very general way of looking at this.

As you learn more about computer science and C plus plus and programming in general, you will kind of realize how these things actually work beyond the level at which we're using them at.

Anyways, with that said, let's get started here.

I'm going to include set.

So include set like that.

So let's make a set.

When we make a set, what we do is we say set, we do our angle brackets.

We do the type in this case, I'll just make it, uh, actually let's make it a char set.

Uh, and then we do the name of the set.

So I'll say S one.

Now, if you want to initialize the set, uh, I'm just looking at my kind of cheat sheet here.

Actually, it doesn't even show what I can do.

Let's just try to initialize the set by adding some characters like C and D to it and see if this works.

All right.

So when I run this, no problem.

So, uh, this kind of confirms my assumption that if you would like to create a set.

What you can do is put all of the elements that are in the set, uh, just in curly braces, like you would in an array, and you can initialize it that way,

or you can declare the set by simply doing set the type and then the name of the set.

And well, that works as well.

Anyways, let's add a few duplicate elements into this set

and let's iterate through this set and let's see what elements are actually in it.

So I'm going to say four, and I'm going to use kind of that iterator pattern we've seen here.

So I'm going to say auto S one, uh, is equal to, sorry, not S one auto I T R is equal to S one dot begin.

And then I will say, I T R does not equal S one dot end.

And then I will say plus plus I T R.

Now again, remember a set unordered collection of unique elements.

And well, that means we are not sure what order we're going to get elements in when we loop through the set.

And so this kind of means nothing when I write like this specific ordering of elements, just, just keep it in mind.

Okay.

That we don't know the order of elements in a set.

Then what I'm going to do is say, see out asterisk, ITR and, and L and let's see what we get.

All right.

So we get C and then we get D notice.

I didn't get CD CD.

I didn't get CCDD.

I only got one C and one D and that is

because when you insert an element into a set that already exists, it doesn't do anything because we only care if something exists or if it does not exist in a set, that is really the purpose of using it.

And if I decide to add maybe an a here and we run this now, notice we get a CD, even though a was at the very end of the set.

So we don't really know what order we're going to get elements in.

Although this might make you assume that you're going to get it in alphabetical order.

Anyways, that is a set.

So hopefully that's clear on the basics of a set.

And I'll kind of leave this here so

that we can see what happens as we insert and remove elements from the set.

So to insert something into the set, you can say S one dot insert, and then you can just add whatever you want.

So maybe we'll add a B or something.

We can run this.

Now we see all is good.

A B has been added in and kind of confirming our assumption that it's probably printing out alphabetical order.

Anyways, we can also erase or remove an element from the set.

So I believe it's actually a race.

Uh, let me look here and see if that is what it is.

Where's all these methods.

I have a list of all of the methods.

I think that a race race.

Yep.

A race looks good.

So we can erase maybe the key C or the elements C.

So when I do that, notice that now C is no longer printing out.

And so that was kind of the most basic aspects of a set.

That's how you insert.

That's how you erase.

And well, this is how you iterate through it.

Now, a few other things we can do.

We can check if an element is present and say, if, and we'll say S one dot fines, and we will look for some element.

Let's say we're looking for elements.

See, we can say, if that is equal to S one dot end.

That means the element does not exist.

So I can see out,

uh, could not find C and we can do an end L and then otherwise we can say C out and

found C exclamation point, same thing.

And L okay.

So let's run this now and notice that we're getting, could not find C ABD because well, C is not in the set.

And so this same way as in the map is telling us it's not there.

if we look for a B, uh, well actually we did see, so let's just not erase C now.

So if we don't erase C and we run this, it says found C it's telling us C is in the set.

Okay.

100

So that is really like, that's pretty much it for a set.

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Now let's just run through a quick example here.

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And just like I did with the map, I will create a string.

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So let's say string test is equal to this is a test.

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I J whatever, a bunch of random letters.

105

Okay.

106

Now we're going to do is say set char occurrence is equal to, and actually we can just do it like that.

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We don't need to define or initialize it.

108

And instead of occurrence, let's just make it easier.

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Let's just say exists.

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Okay.

111

Now what I'm going to do is loop through the strings.

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I'm going to say four, and we could use a string iterator here too, or we can just loop through it in the way we normally do.

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So I'd say int I is equal to zero.

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I is less than test dot dot length.

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And then I plus plus, or again, just cause I think this is the proper way.

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We'll go plus plus I, and then what I will do now is say exists dots insert, and we will first define the letter.

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So we'll say char letter is equal to test at I now notice we don't have to do this.

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I'm just doing this cause it's kind of good programming practice to define what it is you're actually inserting, uh, and kind of make it easier to read, but you could just put test I in here.

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Like you could do test I without defining the variable first, but for me, I just like to define the variable.

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So I'm going to say a letter and we'll insert that into the set.

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So now what we've done is we've looped through the string.

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We've inserted every single element in the string into the set.

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Now I want to look at all of the unique elements in the set.

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And so what I'll do is say four, and then I will loop through the set.

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So I will say, uh, what is this going to be?

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Auto I T R is equal to exists dot begin.

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I'll then say, I TR does not equal exists dot end.

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And then I will say plus plus I T R.

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And then I will just, oops, see out an asterisk, I T R D reference and L.

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Okay.

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Let's run this.

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And what we're getting now is all of the unique letters, including the space that is in this string.

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Now it doesn't matter if I add like a ton more a's, we're not going to get another a here because well, it's a set, right?

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And so if we add a, and again, it doesn't do anything because it's already in the set.

135

So there you go.

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Now we can do actually a quick example here.

137

Again, this is kind of another thing you might see in a coding interview.

138

Speaking of coding interviews, if you guys want to prepare for them, you know what to use algo expert, which is a sponsor of this video.

139

And this series that have over 150 coding interview questions, many of which use sets, dictionaries, and a lot of things we're talking about here.

140

Check out algo expert from the link in the description

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and use the code tech with Tim for a discount on the platform.

142

Anyways, good segue there.

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What we're going to do now is I'm going to create another string.

144

I'm going to say string find is equal to, and then I'm going to say, let's say the word.

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Hello.

146

Okay.

147

So let's say we were given a problem and we were said, okay, you're given this string called find, and you want to determine if all of the letters in this string are also present in this string.

148

So you want to see if all of the unique letters here are also present in this string right here.

149

There's a few different ways to go about doing this, but using a set, we can do this kind of elegantly.

150

We can create a set that stores all of the letters in this string that we're trying to look for.

151

Then what we can do is loop through this string.

152

We can remove all of the, uh, letters here from the set that contains the letters in this string.

153

And if at the end of going through this entire string, this set is empty.

154

That means that this, uh, first string contains all of the unique letters that are in this string.

155

Hopefully that kind of makes sense, but I'll just run you through it and we can see how that works as a good example.

156

So I'm going to say set, uh, we'll say find letters like that.

157

So now we need to go through and essentially add all of these elements into the set.

158

There's a few different ways to do this, just some shortcuts as well, but we're just going to do the long way because it's good practice.

159

I'm going to say four and I equals zero.

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I is less than find dot length plus plus I will then say char letter is equal to,

161

and then this will be find at I, and then we will say find letters, oops, find letters dot insert.

162

And we will insert, uh, what is the letter letter like that?

163

Okay.

164

So now if we were to print out all of the letters in this set, we would get H E L and Oh, So now we want to go through here and see if this contains all of the same letters that are in here.

165

So what I'm going to do now is say four, and we'll say, um, I guess in I equals zero,

166

I is less than test dot length.

167

And I plus plus we'll say char letter is equal to test at index I,

168

and then what we will do is erase this from the sets.

169

We will say set dot erase and we'll erase letter.

170

Okay, great.

171

So then finally, what I'm going to do here is write an if statement, I'm going to say if, and don't worry, I'll go through all this code in a second.

172

I just want to type it out first.

173

I'll say, if the find letters dot size is greater than zero, then that means see out.

174

No, it does not have all letters.

175

I know it's not really great English, but you get the idea else we can see out.

176

Yes, it does.

177

Okay, great.

178

So anyways, let's just quickly run this actually.

179

And let me see if this works a warning character concept.

180

Oh, I forgot about this.

181

This needs to be double quotation marks.

182

My bad and missing template argument before dot.

183

Oh, I don't know why I called this set.

184

Uh, look at how many airs that I need a semi -colon there.

185

This isn't set.

186

This should be find letters.

187

Let's run this now.

188

And there we go.

189

No, it does not have all of the letters.

190

And so that is working as intended.

191

Okay.

192

Let me run through all this code.

193

I know I went through this pretty quickly.

194

So the idea is that we were asked, all right, we have this fine string.

195

We have this test string.

196

We want to see if all of the letters that are contained in fine unique letters, by the way, are also contained in the test string.

197

And so what we do is we first create a set, we call it find letters.

198

We then add all of the letters that are in side of this fine string to the set.

199

That's going to automatically handle not having like duplicates and anything for us, because if we add two L's, it's just going to be one L that remains in the set.

200

Then we go through the second string for all of its letters.

201

We remove them from this set, because then that means if we remove every single element from the set, this string had all of the elements that were in this string.

202

If it doesn't though, if this set does have at least one element, that means that we did not write, like we did not have all of the same letters.

203

And so in that case, we would print out, no, it does not have all the letters.

204

However, here, the letter that we're missing, I believe is an L, um, might be missing an O two.

205

Yeah, we are also missing an O but we have an E and we have an eight.

206

So now if I add an L and an O in here and we run this, we should see that it says, yes, it does.

207

It does have all of these same letters.

208

We can even make this a bit simpler.

209

We can make this string say like this, like hello with only one L and we'll see, we still get, yes, it does.

210

Because even though it doesn't have two L's that doesn't matter.

211

Although if we remove the O it's going to say, no, it does not have all the letters.

212

So this is an example of where you might use a set.

213

Of course, there's a lot of other examples, but hopefully that kind of brought everything together for you.

214

And again, I'm trying to do some longer examples here

215

so we can see how we actually solve problems with all of these tools that we now have.

216

Anyways, if you guys enjoyed, make sure leave a like, subscribe to the channel.

217

I will see you in another YouTube video.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 217 वाक्य और 2904 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 13:25 लंबा है। वक्ता तेज़ बोलता है, लगभग 217 शब्द प्रति मिनट, इसलिए जुड़ी हुई और कमज़ोर ध्वनियाँ ज़्यादा मिलेंगी। 84% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्द	उच्चारण	अर्थ
element संज्ञा	/ˈɛləmənt/	तत्त्व
string संज्ञा	/stɹɪŋ/	तार, रस्सी
erase क्रिया	/ɪˈɹeɪs/	मिटाना
loop संज्ञा	/luːp/	कुंडली
instantly क्रिया विशेषण	/ˈɪnstəntli/	हाथों हाथ
automobile संज्ञा	/ˈɔː.tə.məˌbil/	मोटरवाहन, गाड़ी
confirm क्रिया	/kənˈfɝm/	पुष्टि करना
algorithm संज्ञा	/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/	अल्गोरिद्म
occurrence संज्ञा	/əˈkɜɹ.əns/	घटना, परिघटना
duplicate क्रिया	/ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/	अनुकृति करना, अनुकरण करना
solve क्रिया	/sɒlv/	सुलझाना, हल करना
aspect संज्ञा	/ˈæspɛkt/	पक्ष
sheet संज्ञा	/ʃit/	पत्र, चद्दर
discover क्रिया	/dɪˈskʌvə/	खोज निकालना, खोज करना
angle संज्ञा	/ˈæŋ.ɡəl/	कोण

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	is put · has been added · were given
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	we've seen · has been added · we've done

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 80 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे I'm, we're, we'll। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, sheet /ʃit/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, implementation /ˌɪmplɪmənˈteɪʃən/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: automobile /ˈɔː.tə.məˌbil/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, implementation /ˌɪmplɪmənˈteɪʃən/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर element, string, erase जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Learn C++ With Me #19 - Sets - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?