Pratica di Shadowing: 2.2k - Impara a parlare inglese con YouTube
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Hey friends, welcome back to the channel.
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Hey friends, welcome back to the channel.
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So when designing an API,
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it's easy to think about the happy path of your application.
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But if you want to build a robust application and keep your users happy,
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then you need to consider the unhappy path as well.
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What happens if your user's internet connection cuts out just after making a request?
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Or maybe your server's struggling under load and the client times out before it can receive a response?
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Usually errors are handled by the client by doing retries.
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If there's an error or the request times out,
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then the client will retry a number of times,
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either automatically or by a frustrated user hitting that submit button.
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If the user sends multiple requests to the server and more than one of them gets through,
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then you'll likely end up with duplicates on your end.
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Depending on the application, this might not be a big deal.
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If the user is just writing a comment on a blog post or reviewing a product,
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then it's not the end of the world if they end up with multiple posts.
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But what if they're sending an email?
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Is it okay for the recipients to receive multiple copies of the same email?
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What if they were buying something online?
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Would the customer be happy if they got charged twice or maybe even 10 times for the same product.
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This is where idempotency comes in but what does it actually mean?
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If we have a look at the internet standards it says the following.
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A request method is considered idempotent
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if the intended effect on the server of multiple identical requests with
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that method is the same as the effect for a single such request.
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So if we call an API multiple times with the same request then it's considered idempotent
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if it has the same effect on the server as if we had only called it once.
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Now let's have a look at the most common methods and see whether they're idempotent or not.
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The get method is read only,
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it doesn't affect the server in any way.
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Nothing gets created or updated so we can call the get method multiple times without it having any adverse effects.
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So a get method is always idempotent.
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With a put request we're going to be performing updates.
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So let's say we're updating a user's email address.
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No matter how many times we call this method we should always get the same response
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and the user's details are always going to get updated to the same thing.
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So a put request is always idempotent as well.
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With a post request we're creating something on the server.
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So if we call this method multiple times then we should expect to get multiple copies of the same thing.
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Or in some cases we might get an error if we're trying to create something that can only be one of.
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For example if we're trying to create a new user with a post request.
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Then the first request will go through but a second request for the same username will fail because the user already exists.
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Technically this is still idempotent but it's not a very nice experience for the user user.
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Let's say when they make their first request they then have an internet connection failure and therefore don't get a response.
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When they try and retry it will tell them
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that the username order exists but in fact it was their first request that created that user.
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If we take the example of making a payment then generally
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there aren't any unique identifiers on a payment like there are with creating a user.
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This is what we typically might send through on a platform like Stripe if someone's buying something for $20.
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However there is nothing unique about this request that links it to a particular purchase.
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If a payment platform receives two of these then it'll just think it's two separate payments and charge the customer twice
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which is not what we want.
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So post requests are generally not idempotent.
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With patch requests it depends on how you use them.
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If you're just using it to update an email address of a user then that could be considered idempotent.
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However you can also use a patch request to do things like copy,
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move, add and remove and therefore it's not considered idempotent.
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Finally we have the delete method which deletes an object on the server.
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If you run delete multiple times it's going to have the same effect on the server as
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if you'd only run it once.
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Sure the second time you might run it you might get an error
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but the actual server doesn't change its state therefore delete is also considered to be idempotent.
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In the cases where you're making a payment or some other Crisco operation
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that needs to happen exactly once then you need to make those other methods such as post and patch idempotent as well.
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The only way that you can really do this is to have some form of unique identifier.
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That way you can distinguish that request from some otherwise identical requests.
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You may have something like this already in place.
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Let's go back to the payment analogy.
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Let's say you have a saved basket of items and that basket has an ID.
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That ID is therefore unique to that order and you could use that ID for the idempotency key.
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Another option is to hash the body of the request.
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However if you're doing this you need to make sure
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that there's no reason for that person to ever send exactly the same request.
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There should be something about the combination of fields in the request that makes it unique.
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For example if someone orders a Spongebob beach towel
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and then 30 seconds later orders another Spongebob beach towel you don't know that that's a duplicate order.
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They might just really like Spongebob.
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Generally the way this is normally done is to add an idempotency key to a header.
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Stripe for example have a header called idempotency-key but really this could be anything.
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So you now have some form of key that makes this request unique.
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However with a user supplied key you can't guarantee that it's going to be globally unique.
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The user could send you the same key as another user or even the same key from multiple endpoints.
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So it's important you always combine
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that user supply key with something like a user id as well as the API path that's being used.
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To implement idempotency you need to store your combined idempotency key along with the successful response that you send to the user.
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If a request with the same idempotency key comes in instead of actually performing the operation,
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you just send them back a response that you sent out before.
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As far as the user is concerned,
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the operation was successful and they don't need to know that you're sending out a previous response.
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Typically this is done using some form of key value storage such as Redis or DynamoDB.
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Technically you could store your idempotency keys in an in-memory storage such as a dictionary.
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However this won't work if you have multiple copies of your API running behind the load balancer,
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as each API won't be able to see the keys in the other copies.
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You will also lose your idempotency keys whenever you have to restart your application.
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This is why we don't store them in memory.
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So when a request comes in you need to first check to see whether
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that idempotency key that's been sent is in your storage.
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And if it is then you just send back the response that you have stored.
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If the idempotency key doesn't exist then you carry on with the normal operation
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and if it's successful then you store the idempotency key along with the response before sending it back to the user.
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How long you store your idempotency keys for really depends on the application.
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If you have idempotency enabled just to protect yourself from a
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user clicking on something multiple times then you might only need to store them for say 10 minutes.
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But if you have some sort of retry mechanism in place then you might need to store them for longer.
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Typically we store idempotency keys for anywhere between 24 and 48 hours
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but you need to check with your application and see if it makes sense to store them for longer.
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If you are using something like redis
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or dynamo db to store your keys then you can use the time to live
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or ttl so that your keys are automatically deleted for you.
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You may also want to consider idempotency validation in your API.
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If a request comes in with the same idempotency key from
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the same user for the same endpoint then we're just going to assume
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that that's the same request and send them out the same response.
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However there is a chance
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that the user has just used the same idempotency key by mistake and the request body is actually very different.
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If you need to protect yourself against this sort of scenario then you can take a hash of the request
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and store that alongside the idempotency key and then
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when the request comes in you can check to see whether it matches the hash as well
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and if it doesn't return an error to the user.
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If you want to implement this in the .NET Core API then you can make use of the distributed caching library
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and then store your keys in redis and then you can create a filter
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which you can then add to each of the endpoints where
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you want idempotency to make this even easier there is a new get package called idempotent api
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that does all the heavy lifting for you
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if you want to support this channel
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and also get access to the code shown in my videos
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and you can subscribe on patreon patreon members also get access
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to exclusive content from me as well as a private discord community and generous discounts to my courses once I release them.
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Thank you for watching this video and I'll hopefully see you in the next one.
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Contesto e Background
Nel video, il relatore discute l'importanza di progettare un'API tenendo conto non solo dei casi positivi, ma anche di quelli problematici che possono sorgere durante l'interazione degli utenti con un'applicazione. Questa tematica è cruciale per garantire un'esperienza utente altamente soddisfacente e senza intoppi. Affrontare gli errori e comprendere il concetto di idempotenza sono elementi fondamentali per gli sviluppatori e, per i principianti, rappresentano un'opportunità unica per migliorare la propria pratica di conversazione in inglese attraverso il linguaggio tecnico associato al campo della programmazione.
Le 5 Frasi Principali per la Comunicazione Quotidiana
- What happens if your user's internet connection cuts out? (Cosa succede se la connessione internet dell'utente si interrompe?)
- Errors are handled by the client by doing retries. (Gli errori vengono gestiti dal client effettuando dei tentativi.)
- Is it okay for the recipients to receive multiple copies? (Va bene se i destinatari ricevono più copie?)
- This is where idempotency comes in. (Qui entra in gioco l'idempotenza.)
- A request method is considered idempotent if... (Un metodo di richiesta è considerato idempotente se...)
Guida Passo dopo Passo per il Shadowing
Per affrontare efficacemente il contenuto di questo video e migliorare la propria pronuncia inglese, segui questi semplici passi:
- Ascolta attentamente: Prima di tutto, guarda il video e ascolta attentamente il relatore. Presta attenzione alla sua pronuncia e al modo in cui esprime le idee.
- Ripeti in coro: Utilizza la tecnica del shadowing in inglese, ripetendo immediatamente ciò che il relatore dice, cercando di imitare l'intonazione e il ritmo. Questo ti aiuterà a migliorare la pronuncia inglese.
- Fai pausa e annota: Metti in pausa il video dopo frasi chiave e annota le espressioni che trovi difficili da pronunciare o comprendere. Ripeti queste frasi fino a sentirti a tuo agio.
- Pratica con un partner: Se possibile, trova un compagno di conversazione con cui praticare queste frasi. Questo migliorerà la tua pratica di conversazione in inglese e ti permetterà di usare il linguaggio tecnico appreso.
- Rivedi e ripeti: Infine, rivedi il video più volte per rinfrescare la memoria e rafforzare l'apprendimento. Ogni visione può offrire nuovi spunti e miglioramenti nella tua forma di comunicazione.
Utilizzando questi passaggi e integrando l'uso di risorse come imparare l'inglese con youtube, puoi sviluppare ulteriormente le tue abilità linguistiche e affrontare argomenti tecnici con maggiore sicurezza.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.
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