シャドーイング練習: Cybersecurity Architecture: Five Principles to Follow (and One to Avoid) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

With the rise of cyber attacks and data breaches, it's never been more important to make sure that your organization is protected against hackers.

This series is about cybersecurity architecture, and we're going to talk about two different areas: fundamentals, where we're going to go through

and discover what some of the principles of cybersecurity are that need to be applied to everything that you do.

And then the second part is on various cybersecurity domains.

Here, we're going to explore how to identify vulnerabilities implement best practices,

and defend against a wide range of cyber threats through an all -encompassing cybersecurity architecture.

By the way, I'm an adjunct professor at NC State University, and there I teach a 400 level course on enterprise security architecture.

This video series is based upon that course.

The bad news is you won't get college credit for watching these videos.

The good news is-- No homework and no exams, so yay.

All right.

Let's get started with cybersecurity fundamentals.

All right, we want to start with five security principles that you absolutely should do and one that you never should do.

So stay tuned to the end to find out what that one is.

The first one we're going to talk about is this notion of defense in depth.

Defense in depth is trying to create an obstacle course, a difficulty for the bad guy.

So if we take a look at an old security model, The castle.

Well, the castle was designed with thick tall walls to keep the good guys on the inside

and the bad guys on the outside.

And it worked pretty well until you realize the good guys sometimes needed to come out.

And therefore we needed to put a door on this thing.

Well, the door then became a vulnerability and so we would try to reinforce it and then maybe put a moat.

around the whole thing because that made it even harder.

And then the door with a drawbridge.

So now we've got a moat which is harder to cross.

We've got the thick tall walls.

And maybe we even added an angry dog here on this side.

Something to give a system of security mechanisms because defense in depth is all about not relying on any single security mechanism.

to keep the system safe.

Now let's move and transition into a modern security example.

Here we've got a user who is on a workstation, who's going to go across a network to get to a web server, which is going to hit an app server,

which is ultimately going to hit a database.

Now what would we do for defense in depth in this example?

Well, one thing I might do here is I might add multi -factor authentication.

That is a system where I make sure

that this user is who they are because I'm asking them for something they have, something they are, something they know, some combination of those kinds of things.

Now how about over here?

I might do, if it's a mobile device or an endpoint of some sort,

mobile device management, endpoint device management software, things like that.

We might also add something like an EDR, which is sort of a next generation antivirus,

an endpoint detection and response capability to make sure that this platform is secure.

Then from a network standpoint, well, I'm going to add in firewalls.

to keep the web server secure from the outside

and also allows only traffic that I choose to allow to get back to these more sensitive zones.

And then for the app server and the web server, I might do some testing,

some vulnerability testing on those so that I make sure that those systems are not vulnerable to attack.

And then ultimately, I'm going to take the data back here and I'm going to encrypt it.

lock it up, put access controls around it.

So you can see what I've done here is there's no single security mechanism that is protecting this thing.

If any one of these fails, the rest of the system still works.

And that's the idea that we're after here.

So if you think about it this way, we've got no single point of failure.

We're trying to avoid single points of failure.

And we want a system that ultimately, if it fails, it fails safe.

That's what we're trying to get and that's what the old model and the new model of securities were designed to do.

The second principle we're going to review is the principle of least privilege.

Principle of least privilege basically says I'm only going to give access rights to people that need that,

that are authorized and needed in order to do their job and can justify it, and for only as long as they need that access right.

For instance, in this example, I've got three users This guy is not really have a business need, so we don't give it to him.

The other guys get the access right.

They can prove their need.

And the other thing is, even for these guys, the clock is ticking.

I'm not going to give them this access right in perpetuity forever.

we're going to constantly be going back and making sure that they still need that capability.

If they don't, we're going to remove it from them as well.

Now another notion in the principle of least privilege is hardening a system.

Let's say we've got a web server like this.

And the web server out of the box, default configuration is that it runs HTTP of course because we need that in order to do web traffic.

But let's say it also turns on an FTP server.

and SSH service so that I can log in remotely.

Well, there's some things that I might look at and say, "Okay, do I really need this FTP server?

If it turns out I'm not going to use it, I should remove that service entirely.

In the SSH, if I'm not planning to use it, remove it entirely.

because every single one of these services is potentially expanding our attack surface and making us more vulnerable.

Another example of hardening is to remove all of the unnecessary IDs

that are on the system and change the names of the IDs that we do keep from their defaults.

So for instance, if the administrator ID on this system out of the box as it's configured is admin, Let's change that.

Let's make it something more specific.

and I'll name it after me or give it some other name, change all the default passwords.

We don't want this thing in just a vanilla configuration

because the bad guys will know what that is and they'll know how to break in.

Another example is this idea of privilege creep.

Let me illustrate that.

Let's say there's two people that work for the company and each one of these are access rights that they have.

So this guy is able to do these things, he can do the same things because they perform essentially the same role.

Now this guy gets a promotion and a new job and new responsibilities.

Well, he goes to the administrator and says, "Okay, now I'm doing my new job.

I need you to add to my capabilities." and these are the things I need.

The administrator gives him those and then also says, "You know what?

Just in case, I think you're going to probably need this, let me give you that as well.

That way you won't have to come back and ask again.

or "come back and bother me" is what he really means.

The problem with this is, just in case is just the opposite of principle of least privilege.

In fact, what we should be doing is running an annual recertification campaign. at least annual.

Some organizations do it more frequently than that.

And in research, I go back and look at all of my users

and all of their access rights and make sure they still have a justified need.

So this person still doing the same job, still needs all of that, great, they keep it.

This guy, though, no longer needs this capability because his new job doesn't require it, so we're taking it away.

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And this thing that he got just in case, we're taking that away too.

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So what we're trying to do with the principle of least

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privilege is to give only the access rights you need for as long as you need them hardened systems, we're going to eliminate privilege creep,

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and we're going to eliminate the just -in -case principle.

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Our third principle to keep in mind with cybersecurity is this notion of separation of duties.

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That is, we won't have any single point of control.

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In fact, what we're trying to do is force collusion by two bad actors

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or more than two bad actors in order to compromise the system.

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But no single person can create the compromise.

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So an example in the physical world would be

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if I had two people here and I've got a door with two locks on it.

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and this guy has a key to this lock, And this guy has a key to this lock.

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and What it is is now if he uses his key to open the door, He still can't open the door.

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He can't open the door alone.

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But the two of them together cooperating can in fact open the door.

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So there's no single point of control.

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Therefore, we have a separation of duties.

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Now, taking a look at another example here, let's say in an IT case, here's a requester and this user wants access to this database.

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So he's going to ask for that.

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He's going to send in his request, but then there's an approver who's going to have to take action on it and say yes or no, based upon whether we think they should have it or not.

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Then if they get the approval, then they're given the action that they want.

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You know, whatever it is, the funds transfer, the access to the database, the package delivered, whatever it happens to be.

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But notice the point here.

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This person, The requester is not the same as the approver.

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they cannot be the same person because if it was, if I could request and approve my own request, then there is no separation of duties.

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So again, what we're trying to do with this is create

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a necessary case for collusion which is hard to do

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because it's hard for lots of people to work together and keep a good secret.

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And what we're trying to avoid is this single point of control.

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The fourth security principle that we're going to talk about is secure by design.

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In other words, it shouldn't be an afterthought that we put security in.

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Think of it this way.

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If you were designing a building in an earthquake zone, you want to make this building able to stand the pressure.

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So, you don't go build the building and then after it's all done, go back and say, "Now let's make it earthquake proof." No,

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you want to do that from start to finish all the way from design through completion.

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So let's take a look at an IT example.

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So when we have a project, you know, we will tend to start off with requirements stage.

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We'll go then into design.

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We'll code the thing, then we'll install whatever it is that we've written.

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then we'll test it out and then we'll promote it to production.

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And then in theory, we should feed that loop back and continue the continuous development process that way.

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Well, what we don't want to do

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is what too many people do in these cases and they wait until really about this phase to do security.

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Once it's already out there, security can't just be a bolt on that you do at the end.

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In fact, It needs to be something that we're doing throughout pervasively.

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We look at the security aspects of the requirements, we build security into the design, We're thinking about secure coding principles all along the path.

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When we install, we do it on a secure system.

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We're testing and guarding that test data and then in production obviously we keep testing.

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So security is something we do throughout But it doesn't begin here.

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It begins in these phases.

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That's what we're really looking for here.

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Now if you think about another example, let's say Whose job is security?

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Well, it's really everyone.

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Here we have a designer, an administrator, and a user.

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So really, all of them are responsible for security in one way or another.

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But who does the job begin with?

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Well, it begins with this guy right here.

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We need to make sure that he is designing security in.

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In other words, what we're trying to do is make security start to finish, And we want secure by design means it's secure out of the box.

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That's the way we'd like it to be.

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Now sometimes we're going to have to do some configuration changes to make it more secure, but This is the goal that we're trying to shoot for.

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Secure by design, secure out of the box.

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Our fifth security principle is the KISS principle.

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It stands for Keep It Simple Stupid.

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In other words, we don't want to make it harder than necessary

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because that will make it easier for the bad guys and harder for the good guys.

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To give you an example, we're trying to create some level of complexity so that it's not easy for the bad guy to get in.

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But a lot of times the security department will create this complex maze of things

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that the good guys essentially have to go through.

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And what happens in that case is I start in here, okay, I log in, now I have to traverse and eventually I'm like,

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"I'm at a dead end." Okay, maybe let's try this again.

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You know what?

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It's too much trouble to do what the security department has asked me to do.

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I'm just going to subvert this and I'm going to end up doing it that way, which is of course not what we're after.

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So the lesson here is if we make it harder to do the right thing than it is to do the

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the wrong thing, People are going to do the wrong thing.

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So we need to be able to make the system secure, but also as simple as possible.

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So keep it simple stupid.

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Here's an example of how we do this in security departments for real.

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We'll come up with password rules.

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So we'll say, "This is your password." and it equals this.

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And it's this because we created a complex set of rules that say, you have to start with an upper case, then you follow with a lower case, then you need a special character,

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then you need to throw in some numbers, and then you have to have some mixture of upper and lower case and special characters and all this kind of stuff, and it has to be really long.

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And by the way, We need lots of these.

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You're going to have a different one on every system and I'm going to make you change it on a frequent basis.

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That's this.

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That's what the user sees, is a complex maze.

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And they're going to find a way to do this.

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And what they're going to do is find one password

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and write it down and set all their systems equal to the same thing, which is again, not what we were after.

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So what we want to do is Understand complexity is the enemy of security.

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So we want to make the system just complex enough to keep the bad guys out, but not so complex that it's hard for the good guys to do what they need to do.

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For instance, you might have noticed, well, what about defense in depth, which I talked about up here?

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There might be some conflict in that

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because there we're trying to set a system of security mechanisms in place to put an obstacle course for the bad guy.

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We want that obstacle course to be for the bad guy, not for the good guy.

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All right, now we've gone over five security principles that you should always observe.

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And now the big reveal the security principle you should never observe and that is security by obscurity.

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that is relying on some sort of secret knowledge in order to make the system safe.

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It turns out that secrecy and security are not the same thing.

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In fact, what we want is a system that is open and observable

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And this guy called Kirchhoff came up with what's now known as Kirchhoff's principle, which basically describes that.

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He was specifically talking about a crypto system

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and he said basically a crypto system should be secure if you know every single thing about it except for the key.

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In other words, the key is the only secret in the whole system.

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Now, why would this be an issue?

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Well, it turns out a lot of people, and you should, whenever you hear this, you should run, not walk, but run away.

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When you hear somebody say, I've invented a crypto system that's proprietary, and it will take your clear text, you feed it into my...

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algorithm along with a key and then it will produce from clear text to ciphertext.

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Okay, great.

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The problem is this is a black box.

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I can't see how it's working.

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And if the individual says it's unbreakable, I've been hacking at it for weeks, months, years.

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All that means is the inventor couldn't find a way to break it.

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But that's not the same thing as the whole world given access would in fact break this.

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And in fact, given time, they will, even if it is a black box.

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History has shown that to be the case.

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So what we want is not black box security, We want class box security.

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So in this case, what we have is the clear text goes into a crypto algorithm which we understand.

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It's been published.

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In fact, if you look at the good crypto algorithms that we rely on today, it's things like AES, the Advanced Encryption Standard, and RSA.

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These are algorithms that everyone that wants to know how they work can look it up and see.

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And the secrecy, therefore the security, doesn't come from some secret knowledge of how this thing works.

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It's able to produce ciphertext from cleartext without having to keep this part secret.

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The only secret is the key and that's what we want.

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We do the same kind of things when we talk about secure operating systems or secure applications or things like that,

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as long as the security is based on secrecy, It's not really something that we can rely on.

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Before you leave, don't forget to hit subscribe.

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That way you won't miss the next installment of the Cybersecurity Architecture series.

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実生活の場面：サイバーセキュリティの基本原則

このビデオでは、サイバー攻撃が増加する中、組織のセキュリティを守るためのアーキテクチャについて説明されています。講師が大学で教えているコースをもとに、「 defense in depth 」や「 principle of least privilege 」などの原則を具体的な例を挙げながら解説しています。日常的にビジネスや技術関連の会話に触れる機会がある人にとって、このような説明的な発話は非常に実用的です。

覚えておきたいフレーズとコロケーション

defense in depth：「深度防御」と訳されることが多いセキュリティ用語で、単一の防御策に依存しない多層的な安全対策を指します。
principle of least privilege：「最小特権の原則」という意味で、必要な場合にのみ最小限のアクセス権を与えることを強調します。
vulnerability testing：「脆弱性テスト」と訳され、システムの弱点を見つけるためのテストを指します。
multifactor authentication (MFA)：「多要素認証」で、パスワード以外に指紋やSMSコードなどの要素を組み合わせた認証方法です。
single point of failure：「単一障害点」といい、それが故障すると全体に影響が及ぶ部分を指します。

あなたのシャドーイングチャレンジ

さあ、さっそく「 shadow speak 」の練習をしてみましょう！ビデオの中で「 defense in depth 」について説明している部分（約1分程度）を見つけ、それをシャドーイングしてください。英語シャドーイングのコツは、発音だけでなくイントネーションやリズムも真似ることです。何度も繰り返し、自分の声が講師の声とほぼ同じタイミングで出るようになったら成功です。この練習はIELTS スピーキング対策にも役立つほか、自然な英語の流れを身につけるのに最適です。shadowing siteなどを使って、さらに効率的に練習することもできますよ。がんばって！

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is protected · be applied · is based
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	I've done · we've written · has asked
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	moat which is · server, which is · EDR, which is

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Cybersecurity Architecture: Five Principles to Follow (and One to Avoid) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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この動画の文法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由