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Hello, everybody.
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Welcome back to American Textbook Reading.
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We're going over lesson four today, types of animals.
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Types, many different types of animals.
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As you can see in this picture, there are lots of different types or kinds of animals.
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Some animals are big, some animals are small, some animals move in a strange way, right?
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Some animals run, some animals walk, some animals crawl.
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So there are many different types of animals.
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In this lesson, you will discover animal groups.
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That means we can talk about each group of animal as being different or distinct,
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different from each other in some way.
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So we're going to look at six different types of animal groups.
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We can group animals into six different groups.
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Let's take a look.
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Let's start with the first group here.
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Now this group is probably maybe your favorite group.
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It's my favorite group because we, human beings, are part of this type, a part of this group.
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And this group is mammal.
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Okay, so what is a mammal?
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A mammal is an animal with hair that gives birth to live babies.
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Okay, well these two panda bears, I don't think either one of them is a baby, but a mammal has two distinctive characteristics.
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One, it has hair.
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That's the first characteristic.
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The second characteristic gives birth to live babies.
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What does it mean, live babies?
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In other words, when a mammal gives birth, the baby is alive.
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It's moving.
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It's not like an egg.
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When an animal gives birth to an egg, the animal isn't moving yet.
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It has to break out of the shell.
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So it's not really a live baby.
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Mammals give birth to live babies.
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The baby is moving right away after birth.
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So those are the two characteristics or two unique features of mammals.
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And we can see many different types of mammals.
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What's the second group?
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The second group is reptile.
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And this is an example of a reptile.
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A kind of ugly but also a little bit scary example of a reptile.
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What is this?
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Looks like an alligator or a crocodile reptile.
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How do we describe reptiles?
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How are they different from mammals?
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Here we have a reptile is an animal that lives on land.
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It lives on land.
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It can go in the water as this alligator does, but it lives on land normally and it has dry skin.
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If you think of most reptiles, this guy just took a bath.
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He's just coming out of the water so his skin is wet right now, but if you look at most reptiles like lizards or snakes, their skin is dry.
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They live on land and they have dry skin.
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Let's look at a video of a typical reptile.
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Do you know what type or what animal this is?
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If you guessed iguana, it is an iguana.
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This is an iguana.
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It's a fairly large lizard, as lizards go.
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Let's take a look at it as it's moving around here.
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He's kind of an interesting fellow.
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He's kind of a little bit active.
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You can see the way he's moving around.
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By the way, another interesting thing about reptiles is that they are cold -blooded.
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Cold -blooded means that they cannot regulate their own temperature.
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They are cold -blooded.
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Mammals are warm -blooded.
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It means, mammals, we generate our own heat from our bodies, but reptiles cannot generate their own heat.
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They need a lot of sunlight and look, he's on the rocks here, these white rocks.
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These white rocks are giving off heat, so he's probably seeking warmth in the sunlight.
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Reptiles need that heat to warm their bodies.
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If they don't have it, then they can get in trouble.
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So that's another difference between mammals and reptiles.
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Let's move on.
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Sometimes we can see another type of animal.
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You might think, hey, that looks like a reptile, but it's not a reptile.
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It's an amphibian, amphibian.
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Remember, PH sounds like F.
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Amphibian, amphibian.
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So, an amphibian is any animal that can live...
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Both.
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That's the important point.
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Both.
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On land and in water.
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So, a frog can live on the land, no problem.
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But it can also live in the water, no problem.
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It's amphibian.
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It can do both things.
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Amphibians have smooth, wet skin.
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Before we saw the picture of the alligator and then the iguana,
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if you touched the alligator's skin or the iguana's skin, you'd find it's rough.
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It's not smooth.
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And it's dry, especially the iguana would have dry skin.
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And it would be hard to do this.
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You have to be careful.
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It wouldn't feel very good.
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It's very rough and a little difficult on your fingers, maybe hurt your fingers a little bit.
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But if you pet a frog, and it's kind of slimy, right?
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But it has smooth skin and it's wet, so that's a good difference.
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Amphibians are wet, reptiles are dry.
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You can think of that in that way.
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But anyway, this is an amphibian.
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Let's take a look at a video of a frog.
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This is a little frog here.
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He's sitting in the grass, and he looks like he's just hanging out, doesn't look too interesting.
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Oh, what's going on?
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Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa.
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That's, wow, that's pretty cool.
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That frog just jumped up, okay?
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So frogs, you know, of course, you know, they jump up like that.
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They've got the big long legs, but they're amphibians, kind of a neat frog, right?
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I hope he's, he's not on my head, is he?
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Okay, okay.
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Well, let's move on to the next slide.
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Okay.
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Also, we can group animals as birds.
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Birds are a group of their own because birds, if you think about it, they're unique, right?
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What is a bird?
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A bird has feathers, right?
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It has many feathers.
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We can see the feathers here.
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And two wings.
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One, two wings.
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Most birds can fly.
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That's another key point right there.
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Most.
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It doesn't mean all.
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It means most.
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Of course, when we think about birds, we think, oh, they can fly.
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But not all birds can fly.
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Think about in Africa, there's a really big bird that can't fly.
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It's called an ostrich, right?
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An ostrich.
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An ostrich is a bird, but it can't fly.
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It can run, but it can't fly.
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So most birds can fly, not all birds can fly.
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So these are birds, but all birds have feathers, all birds have wings.
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Okay, so those are the unique characteristics of birds.
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Okay, what's next?
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Insects.
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Insects are very, very, very common in the animal kingdom.
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We may not think much about insects.
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We may not think, you know, insects are very great animals, but there are actually a lot of insects.
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Insects are probably, and the different species of insects, are probably more than other types of animals.
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Insects are probably the most common type of animal in the earth.
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But we don't think about them because they're so small.
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But what are insects?
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An insect, this is a good picture of an insect, this is a stag beetle.
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Very impressive looking creature, but remember he's not that big, he's a small guy.
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An insect is a small creature with three body parts.
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It has three body parts and six legs.
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Insects have no bones.
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There are no bones inside of an insect.
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The insect gets its strength for its body in its shell.
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Insect shells, insect bodies are hard shell -like structures.
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Insects don't have bones on the inside like mammals or birds or reptiles do, or even amphibians.
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Okay, so this is an example of a stag beetle.
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All right, let's take a look.
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Here's another type of beetle here, and he's crawling along a leaf.
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You can see his head, you can see the middle section, you can see the abdomen, and you can see one, two, three, four, five, six legs.
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He's kind of having a hard time crawling over this leaf, but that's a good example of an insect.
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Insects have three body parts and six legs.
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That's how you know it's an insect.
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Okay, so bye -bye beetle.
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Okay, so another large group of animals, fish, right?
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Fish, of course, live under the water.
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And again, we don't really encounter fish too often because we don't live in water, but if we go swimming at the coast or if We go diving,
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snorkeling, we can see fish under the water.
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They're very colorful, very interesting creatures.
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What is a fish?
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How do we describe fish?
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A fish is a creature that lives in the water.
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It breathes through its gills.
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You can see the gills right here, this opening on the side of the head right here.
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There's oxygen in the water, but we can't get that oxygen because we don't have gills.
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But a fish has gills, so it can push that water through and take out the oxygen, and that's how a fish breathes underwater.
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If you take a fish out of water, you can't breathe because gills don't work in air.
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Fish use fins and a tail to swim.
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The tail here and the fins, they use that to swim through the water.
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Next, let's take a look at a unique part of certain fish and also reptiles on their skin.
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Different types of animals will have different characteristics to them.
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One interesting characteristic is a scale.
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What is a scale?
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A scale is a section of the skin on a fish or reptile.
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You can see this pattern.
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This pattern is very close up.
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We're looking very closely at the skin of a fish or a reptile.
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Their skin looks like this.
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It's in scales.
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And these scales sometimes will flake off, right?
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We have smooth skin.
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We cannot see scales on our skin only fish or reptiles.
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So fish or reptiles only have scales, this type of skin.
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Very interesting.
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It protects them and it's a different style, it's a different type of skin or covering for the animal.
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When we talk about animals, we can talk about their young, the young of animals.
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Okay, so as we see here, we have mama sheep, right?
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And we have two baby sheep, right?
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Lambs.
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This would be one baby sheep.
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We could say young.
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So actually both of them are young.
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Young is non -count.
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We say the young of a sheep, the young of a horse.
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So young is the babies of animals, right?
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So when we say young, we're talking about the babies of animals.
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Okay.
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Now, before we talked a little bit about insects, when we talked about insects we said insects have no bones.
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Insects do not have bones.
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Now we're talking about bones.
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A bone, what is a bone?
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This is a very strange looking bird, isn't it?
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Actually, it's an illustration, it's an artist's drawing of the inside of a bird.
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Normally we don't see this, right?
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But if you could take away the skin and the organs, this is what you're left with.
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You're left with the skeleton, the hard bony structure inside an animal that supports the body.
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If you didn't have the skeleton, there's no support.
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It would just fall apart.
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There's nothing to be able to move around.
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So a bone is a hard, that's the most important thing of a bone is
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that it's hard a white part that makes up the frame of the body.
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So the bones make up the frame of the body
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and they support the organs and the skin and everything else that the animal needs to survive.
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So the bones make up the frame of the body, okay?
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And not just for birds, but also for us and mammals and many other types of animals, okay?
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So this is the bone.
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Bones are very important, okay?
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Also, it's good for you to drink milk to help your bones.
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You need a lot of calcium because that's what bones need to grow.
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You can find calcium in milk.
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Drink a lot of milk, it will help your bones.
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Remember we talked before about mammals?
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Mammals give birth to live young, but not all animals give birth to live young.
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I gave the example of eggs.
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Here we have a couple of eggs.
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This one is the normal egg that you might eat this one for breakfast.
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This one is a strange egg, looks a little bit different.
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And is it broken?
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I hope not.
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What's going on here?
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It looks like it's cracked, right?
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Probably the baby inside this egg is cracking the inside.
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It wants to come out.
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So this is a different style of birth.
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Mammals don't lay eggs.
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But what is an egg?
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How can we describe an egg?
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An egg is a round shell, usually round, maybe not perfectly round,
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but roundish, it's a round shell where a baby bird or reptile grows.
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So it's not just birds, it's also reptiles.
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Reptiles also lay eggs and they will come out.
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Fish also lay eggs too by the way.
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So birds or reptiles will lay an egg and the young bird
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or the young reptile will grow inside that egg
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and then after a while they'll crack and they'll come out of the egg, okay?
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Okay, moving on here, we have a nice chart.
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This chart is about animals and their characteristics.
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I talked before about characteristics or features of animals.
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Different types of animals have different characteristics or different features.
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So over here we have the type of animal.
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Remember we were talking about six different types of animals.
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We have three of them here.
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And we have a picture showing an example, just an example.
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Well, not all of them, but just one example from each group or each category.
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And then over here we have a description or characteristic that belongs to that group.
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So, for example, we have mammals.
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And we have a picture, an example of a mammal.
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This is actually, don't be confused by this picture, it's actually two polar bears.
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You only see the head of one, but this is the back of another one.
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It looks like they might be giving each other a bear hug or one is giving the other a bear hug.
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But this is one polar bear, that's two polar bears, so that's kind of an interesting picture.
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But this is a polar bear, polar bears.
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What is their characteristic?
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Hair or fur?
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So we can see that mammals have a lot of hair.
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They have fur on their bodies.
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They give birth to live babies.
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So when they have a baby, the baby is not in an egg, it's moving around already.
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It's ready to start crawling around, sometimes even to start walking around, depending on the animal.
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Okay, so that's a mammal.
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This is the characteristic of the mammal.
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Let's move on to bird, and then we have an example of a couple of ducks.
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These are ducks, they are birds.
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What is unique about birds?
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What are their characteristics?
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Birds have two legs, one, two, they have two wings, one, two, and they have feathers on their bodies.
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So if you describe an animal that has two legs, two wings, and has feathers on their bodies, you're talking about a bird.
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Okay, let's move on to the next one.
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Amphibian.
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Amphibian, do you remember the unique characteristics about an amphibian?
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What makes an amphibian different, for example, from a reptile?
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Well, an amphibian has smooth and wet skin.
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So the skin of an amphibian, like a frog here, is smooth and wet.
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Actually, it's kind of, you touch it, maybe it feels a little slimy, right?
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But it's wet and smooth.
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It enables them, enable, allows them, lets them, permits them to live on land and in water.
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So amphibians can live both on land and in water.
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Fish are not amphibians.
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Fish cannot live on land.
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Fish can only live in water.
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But amphibians can do both.
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They can live on land, they can also live in the water.
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Okay, let's move on to the next three types of animals that we talked about, that we discussed.
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Here we have a reptile, we see an example, looks like a lizard here.
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I don't know, is that a gecko, a type of lizard?
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I'm not sure what type of lizard that is, but it's an interesting, very fierce -looking character, isn't it?
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It's a nice lizard there.
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What is the unique characteristic of reptiles?
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Reptiles have dry skin covered with scales.
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Remember we saw that close -up picture of what a scale is, right?
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It's kind of a pattern on the skin.
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That's what the reptiles have for their skin.
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So dry skin covered with scales is a reptile.
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What about fish?
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Fish also have scales, we can see that.
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It seems a little bit short here,
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but we can also remember fish live underwater and have scales for skin.
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So fish live underwater, they can breathe underwater, and they have scales on their skin.
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Okay, the last group here, of course, is insect.
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What is the unique characteristics of insects?
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Insects have three body parts, right?
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The head, the thorax, and the abdomen.
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Three body parts.
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So we have the head, we have the thorax, we have the abdomen here.
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Six legs.
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One, two, three, four.
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You can't see the other two, maybe it's kind of hard, but you know this ant has six legs.
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And it has a hard shell for its body.
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No bones on the inside.
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It has a hard shell instead that provides the frame for the body.
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So insect has three body parts, six legs, and a hard shell.
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Let's take a look at a video of an ant moving around.
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Let's take a look at him.
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We can see the three parts very easily.
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One, two, and three parts of the body, separate parts.
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And we can see the legs.
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This ant is very curious about what's inside of this leaf.
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I don't know what's inside that leaf, but it looks like there might be some food in there that that ant is trying to get to.
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But of course this ant is a small creature, like we said before.
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It's a very typical type of insect, and he seems to be very, very busy trying to get at whatever's in that leaf.
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But again, like I said before, insects have three body parts and six legs.
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They also have this hard shell around their body.
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Okay, let's go over some exercises to review what these words mean.
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Here we have several words.
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We have six different words we need to use these words to fill in the blanks.
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These are the definitions of each word.
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So let's read the definition for each word and then match which word goes with each definition.
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Okay, number one, an animal that has smooth wet skin and can live in water and on land.
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So remember, it can live both in water and on land.
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It can live in both environments.
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That's a very useful trait or characteristic to have, to live both on land and in water.
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Do you remember what it is?
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If you chose amphibian, then you would be correct.
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Amphibians can live in water and on land.
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They also have smooth, wet skin.
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Move on to number two.
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An animal that has three body parts and six legs.
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We just saw a video of this type of animal.
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What type of animal is it?
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Of course, it's an insect.
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It's an insect.
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Just remember that.
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Three body parts, six legs.
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Okay, down here we have number three.
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Let's move on.
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An animal that lives in the water and has scales on its body.
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An animal that lives in the water.
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It can breathe in the water and it also has scales on its body for skin.
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Doesn't really have a smooth skin.
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It has a scale.
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It has scales for the skin.
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What is it?
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It's a fish, right?
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Fish.
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We eat fish, of course.
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Fish is very good for you as a food
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but these are animals that live in the water and have scales on their body.
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Let's move on to the next three, number four.
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Number four is an animal that has dry skin and lays eggs.
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Remember we talked about two types of animals that lay eggs, birds, and did you catch it?
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Reptiles, right?
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We know this is a reptile, not a bird.
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Yes, they both lay eggs but dry skin has to do with reptile, not with a bird, right?
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A bird has feathers on its skin, right?
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It doesn't really have that dry, scaly skin.
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Also remember, reptiles have scales on their skin also, okay?
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Number five, an animal that has feathers and wings.
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Well, that's, and it also lays eggs, by the way, of course.
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So that was the other one we were talking about.
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That, of course, is a bird, right?
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A bird is an animal that has feathers and wings.
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That's pretty obvious, right?
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By the way, it also lays eggs.
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Birds also lay eggs.
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Okay, finally we have number six, an animal with hair on its body.
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So which of these animals have hair on their bodies?
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Of course, mammals.
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We are mammals.
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Bears are mammals.
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Dogs are mammals.
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Kittens are mammals.
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They all have hair on their bodies, so they are mammals.
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And the other, do you remember the other point about a mammal?
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A mammal gives birth to live young.
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The young can start moving around right away.
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Okay, we have a good chart here.
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Oh, what kinds of, we can, now we've looked at a lot of different types of animals.
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Let's do a short little quiz here, right?
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We have two different types of animals here.
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Let's figure out what group they belong to, right?
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First of all, we have whales.
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This is a picture of a killer whale, right?
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Orca, right?
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Very magnificent, very beautiful animal.
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Lives in the water.
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It lives underwater, right?
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It doesn't really breathe underwater, though.
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That's a special thing about whales.
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They do have to come up and breathe the air at the surface.
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So, are whales fish?
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No, whales are mammals.
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Why are whales mammals?
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Because whales give birth to live babies.
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When a whale gives birth, the baby is alive already and also whales do not breathe underwater and they don't have scales on their skin.
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So whales are actually mammals.
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You want to see a video of a whale?
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Let's take a look.
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Okay, here we have a video of a mama whale and her young baby whale.
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Very impressive, isn't it?
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Very amazing.
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What happened, of course, is mama whale is probably given birth to the baby whale here.
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The baby whale is probably not very old.
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And mama will take care of that baby whale until that baby whale is big enough to live on its own.
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That's another thing about mammals.
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Okay, let's move on to the next slide.
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So, what about spiders?
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That was our second one, right?
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That was our second picture, spiders.
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What about spiders?
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A lot of people think, you know, spiders are small creatures, they have a lot of legs, they have three parts to the body, but are they insects?
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No, spiders are not insects.
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Do you know why?
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Because, yeah, sure, they might have different parts of the body, right?
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But they don't have six legs.
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How many legs do they have?
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One, two, three, four, and then they have these little arms here.
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Five, six, seven, eight.
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They have eight legs.
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These two legs aren't really legs.
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They're kind of like fangs.
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They reach out and they grab prey.
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Spiders.
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Do you like spiders?
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They're kind of scary, aren't they?
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Okay, but they're small.
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Don't worry.
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They won't get you.
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Okay, so they have eight legs.
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So spiders are not insects.
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Do you want to see a picture of a, I'm a little worried about watching a video of a spider, they're kind of scary.
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But let's see.
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Ah, that looks okay, right?
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Kind of looks out of focus, maybe there's a tree in the background.
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Wait a minute, what's going on?
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Okay, here comes a spider.
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How many legs?
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One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight.
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There's eight legs on that spider.
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That's a big spider, isn't it?
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Okay, he's gone.
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Okay, let's move on.
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Okay, now here we have a little test for you, right?
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So we have three different pictures of animals.
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What kinds of animals are they?
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Let's take a look at the pictures.
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What do we got here?
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Looks like we got a little lizard here.
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What can we say about that lizard?
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Looks like he's in a dry environment.
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He's on land.
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If we took a look at his skin really closely, we would find scales.
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So what can we say?
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What kind of animal is this?
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Knowing those things about it, it has dry, scaly, rough skin.
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It lives on land.
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We would have to say that that is a reptile.
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So a lizard is a reptile.
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Wow, very impressive.
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Look at this.
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This is really cool.
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This is a whale.
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We talked about whales already.
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The whale is coming out of the water here.
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What can we say about whales?
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Whales don't breathe underwater.
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They can't breathe underwater.
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They have to come up to the surface.
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Sometimes they play at the surface.
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They don't always come up to the surface like this.
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Really, the whale just has to come up to the surface
496
for the top of his head to open the hole that he breathes through, and then he can breathe and he goes back down.
497
And whales can hold their breath for a really long time.
498
But this is a whale.
499
They give birth to live young.
500
What can we say about whales?
501
We can say that whales are mammals because they give birth to live young.
502
They're not fish.
503
They are mammals.
504
Over here, we have our last picture here.
505
Now, this is an interesting character.
506
He's a very strong animal, right?
507
Look at that leaf that he's carrying along with him.
508
The leaf is much bigger than he is, right?
509
So what can we say about this creature right here?
510
It has six legs.
511
One, two, three, four, five, six.
512
Six legs.
513
It has three parts of the body, head, middle, thorax, and abdomen.
514
And we can also say that that body is hard.
515
It's a hard shell.
516
This animal does not have bones.
517
So what can we say about that? we can say that it is an insect.
518
It has three body parts, six legs, and it has a hard body instead of bones.
519
Okay.
520
Okay, let's go over the true -false questions.
521
Okay, we have true or false, circle T for true, circle F for false.
522
Our first sentence.
523
Amphibians, do you remember amphibians?
524
Amphibians have dry skin covered with scales, right?
525
Wrong.
526
I hope you chose that this is false, right?
527
Amphibians have smooth, wet skin, right?
528
They don't have dry skin covered with scales.
529
What has dry skin covered with scales?
530
Reptiles.
531
So if we changed it, if we said reptiles, that would be okay.
532
Reptiles have dry skin covered with scales.
533
That would be true.
534
But no, the sentence says amphibians, so that's false.
535
Amphibians don't have dry skin, they have smooth, wet skin.
536
Okay, let's move on to number two.
537
Fish.
538
Fish have scales.
539
True. And fur?
540
Have you seen a fish with fur?
541
That would be really strange, right?
542
Maybe that's what they mean by dogfish.
543
No, I'm just kidding.
544
Dogfish is not a type of fish with fur.
545
Don't get me wrong.
546
Dogfish is just a different species of fish.
547
It's a type of fish.
548
But anyway, I've never seen a fish with fur on it, and that would be really, really strange.
549
Fish do not have fur, right?
550
They don't have fur.
551
If we just looked at this part of the sentence, that would be true, but because of this, it's false, right?
552
Fish do not have fur.
553
That would be very strange.
554
Three, insects have no bones.
555
So inside the body of an insect, there are no bones.
556
Is that true or false?
557
What do you think?
558
If you chose true, you'd be correct, right?
559
Insects don't have bones.
560
That's true.
561
They have no bones.
562
Instead, they have a hard shell on the outside, and that's what supports their body, gives them the framework.
563
Okay, well, let's take a short break before we get into the reading.
564
Okay, welcome back.
565
Let's go over the reading for this lesson.
566
Now, as usual, we usually take a look at the topic sentence of the reading, and that tells us what this reading passage is going to be about.
567
In this case, there are many kinds of animals.
568
That's the important part right here, many kinds.
569
And that's what we're talking about in this lesson.
570
Many different kinds or types of animals.
571
So, there are many kinds of animals.
572
Some.
573
When we talk about some, what are we talking about?
574
We're talking, of course, about animals.
575
Some animals.
576
Some animals lay eggs and some give birth to live young.
577
So we have the two opposites here, right?
578
Some give birth to eggs, right?
579
Or some lay eggs.
580
Some give birth to live young.
581
The two differences, the two main differences.
582
Some, again, some, some have smooth skin and some have scales.
583
So it's interesting.
584
These sentences are constructed showing one type and the opposite type, right?
585
So the next one, some have smooth skin, Some have dry, scaly skin or have scales on their skin.
586
Last sentence, again, same construction.
587
Some live in the water and some live on land.
588
Again, opposite.
589
Some live in the water, some live on land.
590
Okay, so it's very easily organized.
591
These sentences are organized all the same way.
592
And that's very good writing, by the way.
593
They all follow the same pattern, and that's important.
594
That's good.
595
It helps us understand.
596
Let's move on into the reading.
597
We're going to talk about different types.
598
We talked about the different characteristics of different animals.
599
Some live on land, some live in water.
600
Now we're going to talk about the specific names of these different types of animals.
601
A mammal is an animal with hair on its body.
602
It gives birth to live young.
603
That's our first category.
604
Remember, we're talking about six different categories.
605
A reptile has dry skin and lays eggs.
606
So that's the second one.
607
And what are the characteristics of a reptile?
608
It has dry skin, it lays eggs.
609
It also has scales on the skin, but you know, those are two characteristics.
610
Okay.
611
Next category, fish.
612
Fish.
613
Where do fish live?
614
They live in the water.
615
What about, what extra detail about the fish?
616
Is there any extra details?
617
Yes, they have scales on their bodies and they lay eggs also, just like reptiles.
618
Amphibians have smooth wet skin and most lay eggs.
619
Not all, but most amphibians lay eggs.
620
So these are details about amphibians.
621
We have a couple more groups to go over.
622
Bird.
623
A bird is an animal with feathers on its body.
624
Birds have wings.
625
It.
626
A bird has wings.
627
many animals have bones in their bodies." Okay, now this is kind of a sentence that's kind of going off talking about most animals.
628
This part right here, of course, is just talking about birds, but starting from here we say many animals, we get away from groups of animals,
629
we're just making a general statement about most animals or many animals, have bones in their bodies, because we were talking about bones before.
630
Bones are hard and give an animal's body shape.
631
We've got one more group of animals to talk about that don't have bones, and that's probably why we put bones in here, right?
632
Because insects have three body parts, six legs, they do not have bones.
633
So we put the information about bones before we put in insects because insects are different from all other types of animals.
634
They don't have bones.
635
Instead, they have a hard shell on their body, okay?
636
So we have covered all of the different types of animals up to that point and we finish up with a question,
637
what kind of animals can you see every day?
638
So think about it, in your everyday life what kind of animals do you see every day?
639
I'm sure you see mammals, maybe you have a dog or a cat at home
640
but I'm sure you see your other family members and they are mammals So you definitely see mammals every day.
641
If it's not winter, you probably see insects every day, right?
642
Running around outside in your garden, perhaps.
643
You probably see insects.
644
You probably see birds, too.
645
Reptiles, maybe, maybe not, depending on where you live and how cold it is, what the temperature is like.
646
Fish, do you see fish every day?
647
And I'm not talking about the fish on your dinner plate.
648
I'm talking about fish in the water, right? So.
649
Maybe you see fish in the water, but probably most of us don't see fish, unless we have an aquarium at home and we have pet fish at home.
650
So think about that.
651
What kinds of animals, or what kind of animals, what types of animals do you see every day?
652
It's interesting to think about that.
653
Okay, let's move on to this skill.
654
Now, we have our reading skill here, classify, and that was a good reading passage for this type of organization,
655
Because the topic sentence said there are many kinds of animals, then it listed those different kinds of animals and gave us some details about each.
656
So what we can do is we can classify, we can put the animals into different groups, and that's classifying.
657
When you take a large group and you pick out individuals from that group and you put them into categories, that's called classifying.
658
And that's what we're doing here.
659
Animal groups.
660
So over here we have the different groups or the categories.
661
This is how we classify animals.
662
This is the name of the group.
663
And these are the characteristics that are unique to that classification.
664
So first we have mammal.
665
Mammal give birth to live.
666
So we need A and these are words that we need to choose from.
667
Insect, young, scales, bird, wet.
668
So what is the characteristic about mammals?
669
Mammals give birth to live what?
670
Insects?
671
That would be crazy.
672
Mammals give birth to live young.
673
I'm sure that's what we learned about mammals, right?
674
We learned that that's one of the characteristics about mammals that they give birth to live young.
675
Not to insects, not to scales, not to birds, and not to webs.
676
Young is the only one that really fits there, right?
677
Now over here the question is in the category B.
678
What is it?
679
We don't know.
680
We have to look at the characteristic, kind of like the definition, to figure out what is the category over here.
681
Let's take a look.
682
Feathers and wings.
683
So we're looking for a type, a classification of animal that has feathers and wings. Which one?
684
If you choose bird, of course you would be right.
685
Birds have feathers and wings.
686
Okay, let's look at the last category.
687
Actually, the last category is very easy.
688
It's already done for you.
689
We have the classification, reptile, and we have the characteristic about it, dry skin.
690
So reptiles have dry skin.
691
Okay, let's move on.
692
We have the next three.
693
Amphibian is the classification.
694
We have smooth.
695
What kind of skin?
696
Smooth and what kind of skin?
697
When we talked about amphibians, we said something special about their skin.
698
So what's about their skin is special?
699
Smooth, wet skin, right?
700
It's smooth and wet.
701
Those amphibians have smooth and wet skin.
702
That makes them different, of course, from reptiles that have dry and rough skin, not smooth.
703
Here we have fish.
704
Fish have what on their bodies?
705
What do fish have on their bodies that sets them apart?
706
Insect, young, scales, bird, wet?
707
Scales, of course, is the correct answer.
708
We saw a close -up of that picture of the fish.
709
They have scales on their bodies.
710
So that's the unique characteristic about fish, they have scales on their bodies.
711
Now we have the last problem, E.
712
We don't know what the group is, but we can see the characteristic or the definition.
713
Three body parts and six legs, you got it?
714
If you chose insect, you would be correct.
715
Because insects have three body parts, six legs.
716
Remember, Spiders are not insects, they have eight legs.
717
Okay, there's no spider.
718
Okay, let's wrap up with some comprehension questions.
719
We have, of course, these different sentences.
720
We need to fill in the blank with the correct word, A, B, or C.
721
Let's take a look at question number one.
722
Fish have scales, live in beep, and lay eggs.
723
Okay, so actually we're talking about three different facts about fish, right?
724
That's true.
725
Fish have scales, yes.
726
They lay eggs, yes, but where do they live?
727
That's our question.
728
Where do they live?
729
They live in A, water, B, wet, or C, land.
730
Well, right away we can see wet isn't correct because wet is an adjective.
731
You live in a place, a noun.
732
You don't live in a wet.
733
That's really strange.
734
Also, we can see the preposition is wrong.
735
You live on land.
736
You live on land.
737
You don't live in land.
738
You live on land.
739
You live in water.
740
And fish live in water.
741
They don't live on land.
742
So water would be the correct answer.
743
Fish have scales, live in water and lay eggs.
744
That's the correct answer there.
745
Let's move on to number 2.
746
A mammal.
747
A mammal is an animal that gives birth to A.
748
Live adults.
749
B. Live young.
750
C. Live eggs.
751
That's interesting.
752
Live eggs?
753
What is a live egg?
754
It's an egg that hops around?
755
That's crazy.
756
So we can probably get rid of that right away.
757
So a mammal is an animal that gives birth to live adults?
758
It gives birth and it's already an adult?
759
That's kind of silly too, isn't it?
760
So really, our only correct answer would be live young.
761
A mammal is an animal.
762
Sounds kind of interesting.
763
A mammal is an animal.
764
A mammal is an animal that gives birth to live young.
765
Okay, and that's true.
766
That's one of the characteristics of mammals.
767
Okay, let's move on to the three and four.
768
Number three, amphibians have smooth, wet skin, which?
769
Because of this word, which, here, we know that we need something that describes the skin smooth, wet skin, and we need something else about that skin.
770
Okay, so let's look at the answers.
771
A, which enables them to live on land and in water?
772
B, which most use to lay eggs in water?
773
They use their skin to lay eggs in water?
774
That sounds strange.
775
How can you use your skin to lay eggs?
776
C means that they cannot live in water.
777
Well, smooth, wet skin allows them to live in water.
778
We learned that, so C isn't correct.
779
A is our correct answer.
780
Amphibians have smooth, wet skin which enables them to live on land and in water.
781
Okay, number 4, a spider.
782
No spiders.
783
Okay, a spider is not an insect.
784
Why is a spider not an insect?
785
We've talked about that a few times.
786
A spider is not an insect because A, it does not have bones.
787
Well, that's not true because insects don't have bones.
788
So, that's not the correct answer.
789
I mean, just because a spider, it's true, a spider doesn't have bones, but insects also, they don't have bones either, do they?
790
So that's not the correct answer.
791
A spider is not an insect because it has eight legs, not six legs.
792
That's it right there, right?
793
A spider has eight legs.
794
Insects have six legs.
795
Spiders have eight legs.
796
So spiders are not insects.
797
See, it has six legs, not eight legs.
798
No, that's not correct.
799
They just switch the numbers around trying to confuse you, right?
800
So B is the correct answer.
801
Spiders are not an insect because remember, spiders have eight legs.
802
They're kind of scary.
803
Anyway, let's do the final review, the final slide here.
804
Let's talk about these different types of animals.
805
We have lots of different types of animals here.
806
We can talk about what group they are in.
807
Remember, we were talking about six different groups.
808
So we have one group, two group, third group, fourth group, fifth group, and sixth group what are these different groups?
809
So if we would say this one looks like polar bears, what can we say about polar bears?
810
We can say they have hair or fur on their bodies.
811
They also give birth to live young.
812
So we say they are mammals.
813
Over here we have a frog.
814
What can we say about the frog?
815
What kind of skin does it have?
816
It has wet, smooth skin.
817
Where does a frog live?
818
It lives on the land, it can also live in the water, so it is an amphibian.
819
Over here we have two ducks.
820
What can we say about ducks?
821
They have two legs, two wings, and they have feathers on their body.
822
So what does that make them?
823
That makes them birds.
824
This is a bird, two birds.
825
Over here we have a picture of a fish.
826
What can we say about the fish?
827
The fish lives in water.
828
And interesting thing about fish, they have scales, right?
829
They have scales on their bodies, okay?
830
Just like a reptile, this animal, sorry, this animal also has scales, but this has scales as well.
831
We call this, of course, a fish.
832
The fish live underwater.
833
They have scales on their body.
834
They are fish.
835
And I already gave away the answer to this one, didn't I?
836
But this, of course, is a lizard.
837
A lizard is a type of reptile because it has dry, rough skin, it has scales, and it lives on land.
838
Over here, what do we have here?
839
We have an ant.
840
Ants are very busy, ants are very strong.
841
What about the ant can we say about the ant?
842
What can we say about the ant?
843
Well, the ant has three body parts, the head, the thorax, the abdomen, three body parts it has six legs.
844
One, two, three, four, five, six.
845
So, of course, this is an insect.
846
Okay, so that wraps up our six animal groups.
847
So, when we talk about animals, we can classify them into different groups.
848
What group does that animal belong to?
849
That's called classification.
850
And it's a very interesting, very exciting to look at different animals and think about what group they are in and what unique characteristics make them part.
851
Okay, well I hope you've learned a lot.
852
I've learned a little bit in this lesson.
853
Hope you have too.
854
And watch out for those spiders, okay?
855
Okay, I'm sorry.
856
Spiders are good things to have around.
857
They eat insects that you don't want, but they can be a little scary.
858
But don't hurt the spiders.
859
They can help you out.
860
Anyway, take care everybody.
861
We'll see you next time.
862
Goodbye.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このA2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Learn English」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：animal, skin, fish, insect, mammal。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が862文、単語が7304語あります。 音声の長さは45:41です。 話す速さは1分あたり約160語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の85%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。 全862文のうち179文が疑問文なので、疑問文のイントネーションや短い受け答えの練習に向いています。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| insect 名詞 | /ˈɪn.sɛkt/ | 昆虫 |
| bone 名詞 | /boʊn/ | 骨 |
| spider 名詞 | /ˈspaɪ̯dɚ/ | 蜘蛛, クモ |
| characteristic 名詞 | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | 特性, 特徴 |
| whale 名詞 | /ˈweɪl/ | 鯨, クジラ |
| egg 名詞 | /ɛɡ/ | 卵, 玉子 |
| smooth 形容詞 | /smuːð/ | スムース |
| feather 名詞 | /ˈfɛðə/ | 羽 |
| shell 名詞 | /ʃɛl/ | 殻, 貝殻 |
| breathe 動詞 | /bɹiːð/ | 呼吸する, 息をする |
| lizard 名詞 | /ˈlɪzɚd/ | 蜥蜴, トカゲ |
| underwater 形容詞 | /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/ | 水中の |
| leaf 名詞 | /lif/ | 葉, 葉っぱ |
| lesson 名詞 | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | 授業, 学科 |
| scary 形容詞 | /ˈskɛə.ɹi/ | 怖い |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| come out 動詞 | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | 出る |
| come up 動詞 | 上がる, 登る | |
| go back 動詞 | 戻る, 帰る | |
| take out 動詞 | 取り出す |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- How do we describe reptiles?
- I hope he's, he's not on my head, is he?
- How do we describe fish?
- Remember we talked before about mammals?
- How can we describe an egg?
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 条件文 if + 節, will/would + 動詞 — 条件とその結果 | If you chose amphibian, then you would be · If you chose true, you'd be · If you chose insect, you would be |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | we've looked · Have you seen · I've never seen |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is probably given · are constructed · are organized |
| 「might / may」による可能性 might/may + 動詞 — 起こりうるが確実ではないこと | might think · may not think · might eat |
注意したい発音
話し手はdon't, we're, they'reなど、短縮形や弱形を110回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: smooth /smuːð/, feather /ˈfɛðə/, breathe /bɹiːð/, bath /bɑːθ/, sixth /sɪksθ/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: shell /ʃɛl/, classification /ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, sheep /ˈʃiːp/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/, comprehension /ˌkɑmpɹɪˈhɛnʃn̩/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/, classification /ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, magnificent /mæɡˈnɪfəsənt/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: crawl /kɹɔːl/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/, regulate /ˈɹɛɡ.jə.leɪt/, colorful /ˈkʌl.əɹ.fl̩/, reptile /ˈɹɛp.taɪl/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/, everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/, discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, dive /daɪv/, distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: feather /ˈfɛðə/, leaf /lif/, classification /ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, finger /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/, fin /fɪn/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。insect, bone, spiderなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。