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Raise your hand if you have recently had to introduce yourself or make small talk.

Yes, that is what today is all about.

How to speak better in the moment.

My hunch is, for many of you, introducing yourselves and making small talk, at some points, was challenging.

It's awkward.

It can be uncomfortable.

So today I want to talk about how we can think faster

and talk smarter in those moments where we're put on the spot to think and act quickly.

We all know that speaking in planned situations, presentations, pitches, meetings with agendas, can be hard.

But it can be much harder to speak in the moment.

And if you think about it, most of our communication happens in the moment.

It's things like making a toast, answering questions, giving feedback, introducing yourself, answering questions.

These are the things that can be very challenging for us.

So today I'd like to walk you through a methodology

that I developed in service of needs of our students here at Stanford.

Many years ago, the deans came to me and said, we have a problem.

The problem is this, our very bright Stanford MBA students are struggling to answer those cold call questions from their professors.

You remember back here when people would say, what do you think?

And you had to respond.

So I did a deep dive into research in psychology, anthropology, sociology, improvisation, neuroscience, and came up with a methodology now

that all Stanford MBAs within the first three weeks of their time here have an opportunity to take.

And it turns out it helps them feel more comfortable and confident not just answering questions, but in standing up in class and giving a position

and many other situations that they find themselves in when they leave here, interviewing for jobs, giving feedback to employees, et cetera.

So today is going to be not just listening to me, but it's going to be participative.

And we're going to start.

It's not hard.

Some of you are looking at each other going, oh no, what's he going to make me do?

Pretty simple.

read this sentence.

And what's more important to me than the meaning of the

sentence is I'd like for you to count the number of Fs, the letter F.

How many Fs do you find?

I'll give you three or four seconds to do it.

Keep the answer quiet to yourself.

How many Fs?

I wish my MBA students were as quiet and thoughtful as you are right now.

All right.

All right, raise your hand if you found three Fs.

How many found three?

Excellent, very good.

Anybody find four?

Ah, anybody find five?

How about six?

There are six Fs.

What two-letter word ending in F did many of us miss?

So why do I do this activity?

I have done this in every workshop, every keynote I ever deliver.

Why?

Because this is an exact analogy of what we're going to be doing here today.

Many of us miss little things that make a big difference in our communication.

Now, the other reason I do this is 14 years ago, when I first saw this, I found three.

I felt really stupid, and I like to pass that.

No, no.

So we're going to identify little things that make a big difference to make us more effective in our spontaneous speaking.

So I want to introduce you to a six-step methodology that we can use to become better at speaking in the moment.

And the six steps divide into two categories, mindset and messaging.

The first step has to do with managing anxiety, taming the anxiety beast.

Most people get nervous speaking in spontaneous situations.

In fact, most people get nervous speaking in any high stakes situation.

We have some research that says upwards of 85% of people feel nervous in high stakes situations, and I think the other 15% are lying.

So let me ask you this.

How do you feel when you watch a nervous speaker present?

Now I know a few of you probably like watching people suffer, but most of us don't.

How does it feel?

Just shut out.

How do you feel when you see a nervous speaker present?

OK, so uncomfortable, empathetic, and I heard some people say, I actually feel anxious myself.

I call that secondhand anxiety.

So if for no other reason we should learn to manage our anxiety

so our audience can focus on us and not be distracted.

So when it comes to managing anxiety, we have to take a two-pronged approach.

We have to manage both symptoms and sources.

Symptoms are the things that we physiologically experience, what goes on in our body.

And sources are the things that initiate or exacerbate that anxiety.

So I'd like to hear from some of you, what happens for you when you get nervous when you're put on the spot?

I'll start.

I blush and I perspire.

What happens for some of you?

My mouth goes dry.

Mouth goes dry.

I call this plumbing reversal.

What's normally dry gets wet, and what's normally wet gets dry.

So you get sweaty palms but dry mouth.

Really weird, right?

What else happens?

Yeah, you freeze.

You can't remember what to say.

What else happens?

Please.

Yeah, you feel your heart pounding.

Right?

Some of us get shaky.

These are normal and natural responses to anxiety.

Your body sees speaking in the moment as being under threat, and it invokes the fight or flight response.

And these are normal and natural responses, but there are things we can do to address these.

Now, allow me to share a few with you.

The first and best thing you can probably do is to take a deep belly breath.

The kind of breath you would take if you've ever done yoga or tai chi or qigong, a deep belly breath.

So what's interesting is it's the exhale that's more important than the inhale.

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So my rule of thumb, or shall I say my rule of lung, is you want your exhale to be twice as long as your inhale.

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And if you take two or three of these deep belly breaths, you'll actually reduce the rapid heart rate,

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the rapid breathing that causes you to speak faster, and you'll feel calmer.

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So before you walk into a room where you think you might be asked for feedback or you know questions are coming, or before you unmute on that Zoom,

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take this deep belly breath and it will help.

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Now if you get dry mouth

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and you know you're going into a situation where you might have to speak in the moment, drink some warm water, suck on a lozenge, or chew some gum.

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Obviously you don't want to do that while you're in the midst of speaking, but that will help reactivate those salivary glands.

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If you're like me and you blush and you perspire, hold something cold in the palms of your hand.

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The palms of your hand are thermoregulators for your body.

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Just like your forehead or the back of your neck, if you've ever had a fever and you put a cold compress on your head to cool down.

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Because your heart rate is going up, because your body tenses when you're stressed, you have more blood going through tighter tubes, your blood pressure goes up.

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And that causes you to get hotter.

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It's like you're exercising.

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So we can reduce the sweating and the blushing by cooling ourselves down.

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In fact, before I started speaking today, I was holding a cold bottle of water to help.

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So these are some of the things we can do to manage our symptoms of anxiety.

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If I didn't talk about a symptom you have, there are resources I'll share at the end of the talk that can help you find ways to manage your anxiety.

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Now there's another side too.

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We have to think about sources.

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Those are the things that initiate or exacerbate our anxiety.

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There are many.

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Let me talk about one.

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Many of us are made nervous by the goal of what we're trying to achieve when we communicate.

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My students want to get a good grade.

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The entrepreneurs I coach want to get funding.

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You might want to get a new job, or you might want to get your project supported.

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So what makes you nervous is the fact that you might not achieve that goal.

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In other words, what's making you nervous is a potential negative future outcome.

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So how do we short circuit that?

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We become very present oriented.

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Because if you're in the moment, by definition, you're not worried about the future.

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So how do we get present oriented?

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One way is to do something physical.

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Walk around the building before you go in for that job interview.

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Another way is to listen to a song or a playlist, just like athletes do.

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You can do what I do present oriented by talking to people.

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Before I got up here on stage, I was talking with many of you.

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That helps me get present oriented.

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I can't engage in a conversation and be thinking about what might go wrong in my presentation or Q&A session.

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Start at 100 and count backwards by 17s.

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That'll get you present oriented.

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I know I'm in front of a crowd that's trying.

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The first one's easy, 83, the next one's hard.

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My favorite way to get present oriented is is to say tongue twisters.

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You can't say a tongue twister right and not be in the present moment.

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Some of you are going, uh-oh, that's right, I'm going to ask you to say my favorite tongue twister.

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I said this tongue twister right before I walked out here.

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It warms me up and it gets me present oriented.

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Many of us assume that we can just go from silence to brilliance without warming up our voices.

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But you know if you've ever played a sport or exercised or played a musical instrument, you should warm up first. So let's try it.

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My favorite, tongue twister, takes five seconds to say, has three phrases.

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And if you say one of the phrases wrong, you'll say a naughty word.

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So I'm listening to here.

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Okay, let's try it.

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Repeat after me.

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I slit a sheet.

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A sheet I slit.

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And on that slitted sheet I sit.

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Excellent.

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Nobody said that naughty word, and I'm sure you all know what it is.

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So by managing our anxiety, both symptoms and sources, we prepare ourselves to be better when we speak in the moment.

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The second step in our process has to do with maximizing mediocrity.

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We get in our own way.

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I have the audacity in front of my Stanford MBA students on the first day of class to say, maximize mediocrity.

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Their jaws drop.

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They've never been told to be mediocre.

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But why do I recommend this?

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It boils down to this.

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We are the biggest impediment to our ability to speak spontaneously in the moment.

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We get in our own way.

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And we do it through all the judging and evaluating that we do of the material that we're thinking about saying.

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We get in our head.

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Here's why this is problematic.

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Think of your brain as a computer.

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This is not a perfect analogy, but for this point it works.

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You know on your laptops or your phones when you have a lot of apps and windows open,

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how the performance of each one of those is a little less good because the others are open?

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That's because the bandwidth is less.

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The same is true with your brain.

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When I am evaluating and judging everything I'm saying as I'm saying it, I have less cognitive bandwidth to focus on what I'm actually saying.

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So when we are evaluating ourselves as we're speaking, we're doing ourselves a disservice.

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Now, be very clear, I am not saying you should never judge or evaluate your speaking, you should.

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But we can turn the volume down a little bit to give us more resources

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so we can be more present and be more effective in what we're saying.

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So the true sentence that I tell my students at the end, I start with maximize mediocrity,

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and then I end the class by saying maximize mediocrity so you can achieve greatness.

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If you give yourself permission just to answer the question, just to give the feedback, just to have the small talk,

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then you put yourself in a position to do it very well.

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But when I say to myself, I have to give the right answer, the best feedback, I need to be the most interesting in small talk, it reduces the likelihood that you'll do those well.

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So step one is manage anxiety.

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Step two is turn down that volume on that mental observation and evaluation we're doing, and that puts you in a position to be more present and more engaged.

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The third step of the methodology has to do with the fact

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that many of us see speaking in the moment and in general as threatening and challenging.

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If I were to tell any of you at the end of the meeting you're running

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that you're going to get some questions from your audience, many of you aren't like, oh, that's great, I can't wait.

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You say, oh, no, I better do a good job.

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I'm afraid they're going to see what I said is wrong.

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They're going to challenge me.

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Many of us see these situations as threatening and challenging.

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And when we do so, it impacts not just what we say, but how we say it.

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We tend to retreat.

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We make ourselves small.

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Our answers are curt.

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Our tone is harsh because we feel we have to defend.

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There's another way to approach this.

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And before I share with you that way and give you some tools, I want you to actually have an experience of it.

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So I'm going to ask you to play a very simple improvisation game with me.

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It's called give a gift.

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All of us in our lives have had the experience of giving a gift and getting a gift.

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So you know how to play this game.

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But we're going to practice.

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I'd like everybody to take out an imaginary box.

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Will you do this with me, please?

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Here's your imaginary box.

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On the count of three, I'd like you to just practice giving it.

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To give the gift, you just extend your arms.

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Everybody ready?

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One, two, three, give a gift.

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Perfect.

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Very good.

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Now when you receive a gift, you do it in reverse.

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Ready?

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One, two, three, you've received a gift.

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Perfect.

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So here's what we're going to do.

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In a moment, I'm going to ask you to find somebody sitting near you.

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You're simply going to introduce yourself if you don't know, and you're going to play the give a gift game.

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One of you will give a gift to your partner.

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Your partner will take the imaginary gift, open the box, look inside, look at the partner, and say,

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thank you for the, and you're going to say the first thing that pops into your head.

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So you might say, thank you for the car, thank you for the pen, thank you for the airplane.

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It doesn't even have to fit in the box.

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Your partner who gave you the imaginary gift upon hearing it

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is going to explain to you why they gave it to you.

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Do you see how there are two acts of spontaneity that happen in this activity?

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And then you'll switch.

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So again, when it's your turn to give, you give the gift, your partner receives the gift, they open up the box, they look inside and they thank you for the first thing that comes to mind.

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By show of hands, how many of you already know what's in your box?

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Aha, over half of you raised your hands.

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Yes, remember what I said in the previous step, how we want to do well, and we want to make sure we're right.

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So you go, OK, I know there's going to be a dog bone in my box.

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That's perfect.

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I'm done.

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I want you literally, when you open up the box, to say the first thing that comes to your mind.

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I have to tell my MBA students to keep it clean and keep it legal.

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I'm sure I don't have to tell you that here.

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But I want you to name it.

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And then your partner, upon hearing it, is immediately going to explain.

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And then you're going to switch.

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This activity should take two minutes.

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I will ask you to come back in about two minutes.

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So find somebody sitting next to you, introduce yourself.

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The person who woke up earliest this morning goes first.

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I've learned a long time ago as a teacher, if you don't say who goes first, everybody argues on it.

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All right, find a person.

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Thank you, by the way, for doing this activity.

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I saw lots of smiles.

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Looks like you were having fun.

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I am simply going to move my arm across the audience.

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And as my hand points in your general direction, Will you just call out what you found in your box?

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I love hearing what people gave themselves.

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Just start shouting out what you gave yourselves.

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Kleenex.

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Tires.

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OK.

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Catnip, I heard.

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Yes.

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Pumpkin.

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Notes.

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Did I hear broccoli?

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Yes.

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Dogs.

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Poop.

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OK.

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Yes.

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Sweater.

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Excellent.

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You guys gave yourself wonderful gifts.

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It's a bit of a Rorschach test too.

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It tells us a little bit about you, but we won't go there.

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Let me ask you this.

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How did it feel when you gave the gift and you were waiting to hear what you gave?

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Many of you looked excited.

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I see many of you smile.

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What did I give?

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What did I give?

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And then all of you embraced a rule that comes from improvisation.

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I am a huge fan of improv.

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And I have had wonderful improv teachers here on this campus.

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Patricia Ryan Madsen, Adam Tobin, Dan Klein.

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These are improv experts who've taught me the value of improv.

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And all of you just executed the number one rule of improv, yes and.

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You didn't say, I did not give you a dog bone.

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No, you said, of course I did, and here's why.

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You embraced it right away.

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What if, what if, when somebody asked you a question or asked you for feedback, you saw it as an opportunity,

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just like you saw this activity as an opportunity?

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Now, I am not naive.

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I know sometimes people, when they ask us questions or ask us for feedback, they're really putting us on the spot.

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They want to challenge us.

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They're coming after us.

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But even in those moments, if I can see it as an opportunity to connect,

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to learn, to find some area of commonality, it can change everything.

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I will step in.

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I will be bigger in my response.

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My tone will be more collaborative.

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My answers will be more detailed.

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By seeing spontaneous communication as an opportunity, as a gift, not a threat, it changes our entire approach.

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So how do we do this?

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How do we execute on it?

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On the new book I wrote, Thinking Faster, or Talking Smarter, I introduce several tools we can use to see things as opportunities.

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The first comes from this notion of growth mindset, which Carol Dweck on this campus helped to develop and champions.

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It's wonderful and her work is fantastic.

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One area of her work in growth mindset, which really essentially says that when we are faced with a challenge that doesn't go necessarily the way we want it to,

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we can learn and grow and begin to get better at that, versus a fixed mindset which says, that's just how we're built,

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that's just the way it is.

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A growth mindset, again, opens to opportunity.

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And one aspect of it that I really resonate with is this notion of not yet.

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Just because something didn't go the way you want to doesn't mean it never will go the way you want.

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It just means not yet.

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Maybe you don't have the skills, you don't have the practice, but it means you can get there.

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So by adopting a not yet mindset, it helps us see things as opportunities, opportunities to learn, opportunities to grow.

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So when you meet with a frustration in your life, especially around communication, say to yourself, not yet.

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We've already talked about yes and.

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Yes and is where we see the possibility of connection.

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So even if you're in disagreement, in a negotiation that's happening in the moment, you can look for those areas of commonality.

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Where is it that we agree?

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Where is the yes?

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And from there, build.

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The third of these comes from the world of basketball.

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Many of you are familiar with Mike Krzyzewski, former basketball coach, Coach K.

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One of the things he is credited with instilling in his players, but in all of sport, is this notion of next play.

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If you're an athlete, say a basketball player, and you miss a shot, instead of ruminating and getting frustrated with yourself, move on to the next play.

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Because the reality is, if I miss my shot and I sit there thinking about how bad it was, how I should have made it, the play is already ensuing.

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And the other team might be scoring a shot.

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I have to move to next play.

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And the same is true when you're in the midst of a conversation, small talk, feedback situation.

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If something happens that doesn't go exactly the way you want it to, next play, keep moving.

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Now, while rumination in the moment is bad, reflection after the fact is very good.

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So I'd love for you in the moment to move to the next play, but later that day reflect what worked and what didn't.

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Many of us treat our communication as that definition of insanity, doing the same thing over and over again, expecting different results.

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If you don't reflect and learn and think about it, you're not going to change.

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So in the moment, next play.

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Later in the day, reflection.

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And then the final of these steps has us reframing the way we think about mistakes.

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Many of us try to avoid mistakes.

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We feel a mistake is a bad thing.

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Now, if you think about it, we learn through mistakes.

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If you watch kids, as they develop, they make lots of mistakes.

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And that's how they learn.

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We can take benefit from that as well.

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But we have to look at them differently.

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Rather than mistakes, I'd like you to think of them as missed takes.

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You know in television and film, directors will have their actors do multiple takes of the same scene.

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You've seen that clapboard that says take one, take two.

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No one scene is wrong.

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They're just trying to optimize and try different things.

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So when you do something that doesn't go the way you want, think to yourself, take two.

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I'm just going to do it again differently.

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It wasn't bad.

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It wasn't wrong.

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I'm just going to try it differently.

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And if you take that approach to your actions and the things that don't go the way you want, one, it keeps you in a much more positive frame of reference,

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and it encourages you to think and learn from what just happened.

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So these four tools, not yet, yes and, next play, and missed takes,

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are the ways in which we can look at our communication in the moment as opportunities and not threats.

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So we get out of our own way, after we manage anxiety, we see things as being opportunities,

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not threats, and then our fourth step has to do with listening.

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Most of us are not good listeners.

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We listen just enough to get the gist of what somebody is saying and then start thinking, judging, evaluating, rehearsing what we want to say.

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We don't listen deeply.

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And if you don't listen deeply when you're communicating in the moment, you can make some errors.

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Imagine this.

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We walk out of a meeting together.

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You turn to me and you say, how do you think that went?

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I hear feedback and I start listing all the things that we did wrong, all the things that you could have done better, how we can make sure that we don't make the same errors next time.

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But had I really listened in that moment, I might have noticed you came out the back door, not the front door.

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You were looking down and talking more quietly than you usually do.

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In that moment, what you wanted was not feedback, but you wanted support.

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And by virtue of giving you all this constructive feedback, I actually did you a disservice and might have damaged the relationship we have.

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So we need to listen in a very different way

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when we have to speak spontaneously so we really understand what's needed in the moment.

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So I'd like to give you some advice about how to listen better.

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And I have to caveat this, that my wife gets really upset when I teach listening because she says I'm still a work in progress.

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So listen to what I say, not necessarily what I do.

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First, when you are listening, you need to listen intently.

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I heard a professor at another university say, he was, he was, he taught music and he was talking about jazz.

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And he had a jazz teacher, and I have to look this guy up to get his name, but he said, we need to listen until you sweat.

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And I love that approach.

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We, listening is hard work.

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So the first thing we need to do is when somebody's speaking, we have to listen to what's the bottom line of what they're saying.

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What's the crux of what they're trying to get across?

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And then second, we need to employ a strategy that I learned from a colleague here.

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His name is Collins Dobbs.

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And Collins teaches critical and crucial conversations here at the business school.

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And he has a methodology to help do that.

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And that methodology applies beautifully to listening.

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It's three things.

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Pace, space, grace.

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To listen well, you have to give yourself a little bit of each of those.

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We have to slow things down.

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The world moves very quickly.

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We've got a lot going on.

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If I slow down, I can listen better.

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So the first step is to slow things down.

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Second, you have to give yourself space.

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Sometimes it's physical space.

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Move to a location where you can actually hear better.

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As I get older, everything is louder in the ambient sound.

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Move to a place where you can actually hear.

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But also mental space.

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Give yourself permission to be present-oriented in this moment listening to this person. And then finally, grace.

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And grace is to give yourself permission to pay attention to what's going on in the environment, how the person says what they say, not just what they say.

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And grace refers to listening to your own intuition.

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We have heard lots of things.

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We have seen lots of things in our lives

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and we get intuitions that come to us based on what we hear and respect those as well.

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We often think listening is only what's coming in, but you can also listen to what's happening inside you.

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So, but with a little bit of pace, space, and grace, and focusing on the crux of what somebody is saying, you can listen better.

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One of the best tools we can use to listen better is to ask either clarifying questions or to paraphrase.

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We have this notion that we have to respond in the moment right away.

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If I don't respond right away, it means I'm not confident, it means I don't know my stuff,

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and yet we can pause a bit to actually reflect on what we're listening to before we respond.

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So I can literally just take a pause.

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Some of us feel pausing is bad, but pausing can be great.

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I can ask a clarifying question, that gives me a little bit of time, or I can paraphrase, which is where I take something you've said,

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synthesize it, and present it back to you in a way that's distilled down.

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So it's not like what a five-year-old does who just parrots back what you say, that's annoying.

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But you look for the key idea and you repeat it back.

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The thing with asking follow-up questions and paraphrasing is these are lower order cognitive skills.

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In other words, I can be thinking about what I want to say next while I'm doing those.

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So we're going to do a paraphrasing activity.

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It's very quick, very similar to what we did with Give a Gift.

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In a moment, I'm going to ask you to find a different partner in the room, and I'm going to ask you to share a story of your name.

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And it can be anything related to your name you want.

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It can be very deep and meaningful.

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It can be fun.

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For 30 seconds, you're going to tell a story of your name.

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This activity is not about storytelling.

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This activity is about paraphrasing, because the person you're telling it to is going to paraphrase what you said.

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And then they're going to ask a question, because paraphrasing never happens by itself.

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It's always followed by something, maybe your answer, maybe connecting to the agenda, maybe asking a question.

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So let me give you an example of what this is like.

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So I'm going to tell you a story about my name for 30 seconds.

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I'm going to ask for a volunteer, if you'd like, to paraphrase what I said, and then another volunteer to ask a question.

446

Now you do not need to answer the question.

447

By training yourself to ask a question immediately after paraphrasing, you're training yourself to keep the conversation moving.

448

Paraphrasing is never something you do in and of itself.

449

You always use it to move on.

450

So here's the story of my name.

451

My name is Matt.

452

All through my childhood, I was teased mercilessly because Matt rhymes with everything.

453

Lazy as a doormat, silly as a cat, you're fat.

454

I was teased all the time.

455

When my wife and I started our family, it was very important to me that our children not be named something that was easily teasable.

456

As a teacher, I have a built-in focus group.

457

So I went into my classroom, I wrote the three names that my wife and I were willing to call our kids, and I gave my students five minutes to come up with the most heinous,

458

mean, bad rhymes and everything they could.

459

And we named my children the names that had the shortest lists.

460

So that's the story of my name.

461

Is there somebody here who would be willing to just paraphrase my story?

462

Again a paraphrase gets to the crux of it.

463

I see your hand here, sir.

464

Yes.

465

Excellent.

466

Great paraphrase.

467

Essentially what he said, for those of you who couldn't hear, is you stress tested your kids' names.

468

Right?

469

That's a great paraphrase.

470

What is a reasonable question that you might ask?

471

Yes.

472

What are the kids' names?

473

Yes, I'm not going to tell you because they would be very upset.

474

But I'll tell you that my kids are not teased because of their names.

475

Now, they're teased for lots of other things, but not their names.

476

Do you see how paraphrasing can actually help you listen more intently?

477

So here's what I'm going to ask you to do.

478

Find somebody else sitting around you.

479

Introduce yourself.

480

and the person in your partnership who had to travel the farthest to get to campus for the event,

481

not this morning, if you're not local, you're staying in a hotel that's close by, but where you came from, whoever traveled the farthest will go first.

482

You'll tell a 30 second story about your name, your partner will immediately paraphrase and ask a question, you need not answer it, and then you'll switch.

483

This should take us two minutes to do.

484

Find a partner, tell a story of your name.

485

How did it feel to have your story paraphrased?

486

It feels good, doesn't it?

487

It feels good to have your story paraphrased.

488

It feels good to be listened to.

489

Now, we're not virtual in this room, so we don't have some of those cool features that you have on tools like Zoom and Teams and Meet.

490

So we're going to do it the old-fashioned way.

491

Okay, well everybody put your fist out like this.

492

This is a yes, thumbs up yes, thumbs down no, no middle fingers.

493

Did your partner paraphrase well your story of your name?

494

I am seeing almost exclusively thumbs up.

495

I see one sideways and we might have one thumbs down, but there's always one in every crowd.

496

How did it feel, how did it feel to listen to paraphrase?

497

How did it feel to do this?

498

Hard, right?

499

I see thumbs up, but it was hard, right?

500

You had to listen in a different way.

501

When I looked at all of you doing this, you were leaning in.

502

You were nodding.

503

It was clear that you were listening with intensity.

504

We have the capability to listen well, but we have to encourage ourselves to do it do it.

505

And when we speak spontaneously, it is critical to listen well.

506

So we've now completed the first four steps of the process.

507

Manage anxiety, get out of our own way, see it as an opportunity, listen well.

508

All of this has to do with mindset.

509

We haven't actually responded in the moment yet.

510

So that's the next part.

511

And that's messaging.

512

And messaging has two components.

513

First, It has to do with structure.

514

Structure is critical.

515

How you put your messages together matters.

516

Most of us just ramble and give lists of information when we're put on the spot.

517

And your brain is not wired for lists.

518

It's very hard for us to remember just ramblings.

519

Our brains are actually wired for structure, for story.

520

A story to me, a structure, is nothing more than a logical connection of ideas that has a beginning,

521

a middle, I learned the power of story and the power of structure when I was an undergraduate here at Stanford many,

522

many years ago.

523

I was a tour guide on this campus.

524

To this day, I can still walk backwards in a straight line while speaking.

525

They trained us back then for 12 weeks.

526

The most important thing they taught us, they said, above all else, to be a good tour guide on this campus,

527

you must never, ever lose your tour group.

528

You are a bad tour guide if you get people lost.

529

The same is true with us as spontaneous speakers.

530

Never lose the audience you're talking to.

531

How do we keep people together?

532

We structure our responses.

533

Structure helps us orient people and set expectations.

534

If I showed up and I said, hi, I'm Matt.

535

I'm your tour guide.

536

Let's go.

537

How many of you would go with me?

538

A few because you're adventurous, but the rest of you'd be like, heck no, where are we going?

539

Do I have the right shoes on?

540

Should I go to the bathroom first?

541

A good tour guide, just like a good spontaneous speaker, sets expectations up front so you can pay attention to what's happening and not wonder what's coming next.

542

Structure also helps connect ideas together.

543

The biggest place, or the most frequent place, you will lose people as a tour guide is when you move from one place to the next.

544

People just wander off.

545

The same is true in our communication.

546

If you are using words like so, next, second, third as your transitions, then you are missing opportunities to keep people together.

547

So structure is really important.

548

Let me give you an example of a structure just so you can get your arms around it.

549

Most of us are familiar with a very persuasive structure of problem, solution, benefit.

550

If you've ever pitched an idea, if you've ever watched an advertisement, this is how they go.

551

Problem, solution, benefit.

552

Here's an issue, here's how we solve it, and here's the benefit.

553

That's a structure.

554

Beginning, middle, and an end.

555

Now my favorite structure in the whole world is three simple questions.

556

What? So what?

557

Now what?

558

The what is your idea, your belief, your position, your product, your service, your feedback.

559

The so what is why is it important to the person you're speaking to?

560

And then now what is what comes next?

561

Maybe I'll take your questions, let's set another meeting, let me show you a demonstration.

562

What, so what, now what?

563

Is a great way to package up information.

564

When you're meeting with your friends this weekend and somebody says, what are you up to?

565

It's a great structure to update.

566

Here's what I'm doing, here's why I think it's important, here's what I'm planning to do next.

567

When you're giving feedback, you can give feedback in this structure.

568

The feedback is what I saw or what I didn't see.

569

The so what is why it's important, and the now what is what I'd like you to do differently.

570

So imagine we come out of a meeting together and you say, Matt, how'd that go?

571

I say, well, I thought it went really well, except when you were talking about the implementation plan.

572

You spoke quickly and didn't give as much detail as you did elsewhere.

573

When you speak quickly without a lot of detail, people might think you're nervous and aren't aren't as prepared.

574

Next time, slow down and use these two additional examples.

575

Do you see how in the moment, just by following this structure, it gives me a good response?

576

Structure is a tool.

577

It's like a recipe.

578

I am a lousy cook, but I have a much better chance of cooking well if I follow a recipe.

579

So by having a recipe, all I have to do is put the ingredients into it.

580

I know how I'm going to give you my feedback.

581

I just have to think about what I say in the feedback.

582

So structure helps you not only package up information for your audience, but it helps you prioritize what to say.

583

And because the information is packaged well, your audience can take that information and share it elsewhere.

584

Think of a job interview.

585

When you're being interviewed, not only are you trying to communicate your skills and how you could benefit the company, but you're trying to equip your interviewer with the information

586

that they can then take to the others involved in the hiring decision and represent you.

587

And if you package up that information easily, they can tell your story really well.

588

If you just give them a whole list of information, they're likely not to remember it.

589

So structure is incredibly helpful in spontaneous communication.

590

In the new book, the whole second half of it is specific spontaneous situations, making small talk, apologizing, giving feedback, introducing yourself, answering questions.

591

And with each one, I assign or give a structure that you can use.

592

This is not the final step, though.

593

The final step is the F word of communication.

594

And it's not that naughty one some of you are thinking about.

595

It's focus.

596

Many of us, when we speak in the moment, take our audiences on the journey of our discovery of what it is we want to say as we're saying it.

597

In other words, we say more than we need to.

598

We need to be focused and concise.

599

My mother has a saying that I love.

600

I know she didn't create it, but it's, tell me the time, don't build me the clock.

601

Many of us, when we are spontaneously speaking, build clocks.

602

One, because we're discovering what we want to say.

603

Two, because we want people to think we're really smart.

604

And three, we want everybody to see how hard we've worked to get to what we're saying.

605

It is much better to be compact and concise in what you're saying.

606

So how do you do that?

607

Well, one we've already talked about, relevance.

608

If I think about what's really relevant for the audience, then I hinge everything I'm saying on that relevance.

609

Second, you should have a goal whenever you speak, be it spontaneous or planned.

610

A goal to me has three parts, information, emotion, and action.

611

What do I want the audience to know?

612

How do I want them to feel?

613

And what do I want them to do?

614

So if I'm walking into a room where I expect that I will be asked questions, or asked to give feedback, or even making small talk,

615

I think to myself, what do I want people to know?

616

How do I want them to feel, and what do I want them to do?

617

And that helps me focus and prioritize what I'm saying.

618

So it's not enough to just have a structured message.

619

You have to focus that message to help people remember it, and to not be seen as rambling and giving too much information.

620

There's another structure I want to introduce you to that is incredibly focused and concise.

621

This is a structure for pitching.

622

I'm often asked by people, what happens if somebody asks me to pitch an idea in the moment?

623

So you're getting on an elevator and your boss's boss steps in and they look at you and say, oh, what are you working on?

624

I'm about to go speak with the board.

625

Maybe I can help you.

626

You got to respond.

627

Four sentence starters.

628

just finish these sentences.

629

What if you could, so that, for example, and that's not all.

630

What if you could, so that, for example, and that's not all.

631

Let me show you how this works by taking a suggestion from you all, and I'll put it in this structure, and then together as a group we're going to use this for something.

632

Can somebody think of a product or service that you would like to hear a pitch for?

633

What would you like to hear me give a pitch for?

634

Somebody suggest one.

635

Your book.

636

My book?

637

Well, look at that.

638

Well, thank you.

639

All right.

640

I appreciate that.

641

So my new book is all about how to speak more effectively in the moment.

642

What if you could feel more comfortable and confident when put on the spot so that you could answer questions well

643

or give appropriate feedback.

644

For example, imagine an upcoming job interview that you nail, that you get all of your points across in a way that really represents who you are.

645

And that's not all.

646

You can apply these principles to small talk, to apologizing, and to even introducing yourself.

647

Do you see how just answering those sentences gets you to a tight, clear pitch?

648

So here's what we're going to do for all of you to practice and thank you for that opportunity.

649

Okay?

650

All of us are here for our Stanford reunion.

651

Let's imagine for your next reunion, you volunteer to help recruit people to come back to campus for reunion.

652

So you're going to make a pitch.

653

Let's go through each of these four together as a group.

654

Somebody give me the end of this sentence.

655

What if you could?

656

What if you could see old friends so

657

that you can walk down memory lane and experience the things that you enjoyed about being on campus.

658

For example, somebody give me an example of a memory or an exciting thing you'd like to share with an old friend.

659

For example, hear the band play and sing some of the old songs.

660

and that's not all.

661

And that's not all you, what?

662

You can go to a great lecture on communicating in the moment.

663

I love it.

664

Do you see how easy that was?

665

Do you see how the structure helps you?

666

And it made it very concise.

667

So by focusing on these two messaging elements, structure and focus, you can actually be much better at speaking in the moment.

668

So some resources for you to continue learning these concepts and others.

669

I host a podcast for the business school, it's called Think Fast, Talk Smart.

670

It's all about communication skills.

671

I get to interview experts from around campus and around the world on how to be better communicators.

672

Lots of your favorite faculty have been guests on the show.

673

And this show, I'm proud to say has won many prestigious awards,

674

including best dog walking podcast and best commute podcast because our episodes are very concise and short, 20 minutes.

675

We've done some other ones as well.

676

And there's a picture of the book, Think Faster, Talk Smarter.

677

If you take a shot of this QR code, it'll take you to a whole bunch of resources that I make available to our students here and elsewhere.

678

I encourage all of you to think about how you can be a better in the moment speaker.

679

It takes time and it takes practice.

680

The only way you get better at communication, planned or spontaneous, is three things.

681

Repetition, reflection, and feedback.

682

Repetition, reflection, and feedback.

683

You have to practice.

684

You have to think about what's working and what's not working.

685

And you have to seek out advice and guidance from teachers, from colleagues, from mentors to help.

686

That's how we get better.

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Developing a Growth Mindset with Carol Dweck

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この動画のスピーキング目標

即座に英語で話す能力を向上させることが目標です。プレゼンテーションのような計画的な場面ではなく、自己紹介、質問に答える、小さなトーストなど「瞬間的なコミュニケーション」に対応できるようになります。これは「shadowspeak」や「英語シャドーイング」の練習でも重要なマイルストーンであり、自然な会話のリズムを身につけ、思考をスピードアップさせる鍵です。

フレーズバンク

think faster, talk smarter：より速く考え、賢く話す
put on the spot：突然問われる、窮地に立たされる
deep dive into research：研究に深く取り組む
feel more comfortable and confident：より安心して自信を持って
make a big difference：大きな違いをもたらす

弱点を直そう

この動画は「shadow speech」の練習にも役立つ、瞬間的な発話のリズムと正確性を鍛えます。多くの人が「Fの数え上げ」で見逃したように、日常会話では小さなポイントが重要です。「英語の発音を良くする」だけでなく、聞き取りと同時に思考し、発話するスピードを上げることがポイントです。動画の中の会話を「シャドーイング」で繰り返し練習し、自然な語順とイントネーションを身につけましょう。特に「in the moment」のようなフレーズは、瞬間的なコミュニケーションで頻繁に使われるので、リズムを確認しながら発音します。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have done · you've ever done · you've ever had
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	be distracted · might be asked · are made
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	person who woke · paraphrase, which is

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Think Faster, Talk Smarter with Matt Abrahams - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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この動画のスピーキング目標

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弱点を直そう

この動画の文法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由