シャドーイング練習: This Debate Made Christopher Hitchens a Legend (Al Sharpton Career Ending) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

各モードは全画面の練習ルームで開きます。

662 文

文が短すぎたり長すぎる場合は、Editをタップして調整してください。

I'm offended that people in this country believe

that they have the right to advocate the teaching of garbage to children under the fatuous name of intelligent design.

If there is no God and if there is no supreme mechanism that governs the world, what makes right right or what makes wrong wrong?

Why don't we just go by whoever is the strongest at any given period in history?

Stephen Weinberg puts it very well.

He says, left to themselves, evil people will do evil things and good people will try and do good things.

If you want a good person to do a wicked thing, that takes religion.

Christopher, I would like to start with you.

What have you got against God?

Good grief.

So I hadn't really sunk in on me that as you were being ordained, when I was nine, I was just getting out of there completely.

It was nine when I thought I saw through it, when my biology teacher told me that God was

so good as to have made vegetation green because it was the color most restful to our eyes.

And I thought, Mrs. Watts?

That's his nonsense.

I knew nothing about chlorophyll or photosynthesis, nothing about the theory of evolution, nothing about adaptation, nothing of a sort.

I just knew she'd got everything all wrong.

And of course the argument against faith, against religion falls into two essential halves, not necessarily congruent, but I believe congruent.

The first is it's not true.

Religion comes from the infancy of our species.

I won't say race because I don't think our species is subdivided by races.

Infancy of our species when we didn't know that the earth went round the sun.

We didn't know that germs caused disease.

We didn't know when we were told in Genesis, you're given dominion over all creatures that this did not include microorganisms.

Because we didn't know they were there.

So you didn't know they had dominion over us when diseases broke out, it was blamed on wickedness, or sometimes on the Jews,

or if it was by Jews, on the Amalekites, or as you will.

We didn't know anything about the nature of the earth's crust, how it was cooling, earthquakes, storms, all of this were a mystery.

Well, we are at least to that extent a reasoning species.

Even a conspiracy theory is often better than no theory at all.

The mind searches for form.

We're now stuck with the forms that that we've found in our infancy, in our primitive barbaric past.

Well, that could be fine, still.

No nation can be without mythology or myth or legend.

And there are people who say, well, it's not exactly true.

Virgins don't conceive, okay.

Bushes don't burn forever.

Why that would be so impressive, I've never understood.

Dead men don't walk and so on and so on.

OK, it's not really true, it does come from a rather fearful period of the Dark Ages, but at least it's nice to believe it.

It teaches good precepts.

This, I think, is very radically untrue.

I give in my book the example, which I'll give you now, of a person very much influential on my youth,

and I know on the reverends too, Dr. Martin Luther King.

My friend Taylor Branch's book about Dr. King, I would rather call him doctor than reverend,

because I'm sorry to say I think it's a higher title of honor.

Taylor Branch's trilogy about him is called Parting the Waters, The Pillar of Fire, and At Jordan's Edge.

And everybody literate here knows the story of Exodus.

And understands what Dr. King meant when he demanded that his people be free of bondage.

But if you think about it for a second, it's a very good thing that the good doctor was only using this metaphorically

if he'd really been invoking the lessons of Genesis and Exodus,

he would have been saying that his people had the right to kill anyone who stood in their way, to exterminate all other tribes,

to mutilate their children's genitalia, to make slaves of those they captured, to take the land and property of others,

to engage in rather long and hideous and elaborate arguments about ox -goring, and finally, which is the sentence that ends that,

or the verse that ends that section of the book, should not suffer a witch to live, the warrant for witch burning.

In other words, in these books, there are the warrants for genocide, for slavery, for the torture of children,

for disobedience, for genital mutilation, for annexation, for rape, and all the rest of it.

It's a very good thing that this is man -made.

There are those who say that they wish they could believe,

and I suppose a decent atheist could say that if only for lack of evidence he wishes he or she could,

I can't be among their number.

I'm very glad it is not true that there is a permanent, unshakable, unchallengeable celestial supervision.

a divine North Korea in which no privacy, no liberty is possible from the moment of conception,

not just till the moment of death, but until well after.

I've been to North Korea, and now I know what a prayerful state would look like.

I know what it would be like to praise God from dawn till dusk.

I've seen it happen, and it's the most disgusting and depressing and pointless and soulless thing you can picture, but at least with North Korea,

you can die, and you can leave.

Christianity won't let you do that, because I mentioned another thing about the Old Testament.

The Old Testament may have, and any Jews and Christians who like it may like this too.

They may have genocide, rape, racism, all the rest of the things I've mentioned, but it never mentions punishment of the dead.

When you're done, when you're in the mass grave into which you've been thrown as an Amalekite, it's over.

Not until gentle Jesus, meek and mild, is the concept of hell introduced eternal torture,

eternal punishment for you and all your family for the smallest transgression.

I have no hesitation in saying this is a wicked belief.

I've also no hesitation in saying, and I mustn't trespass on the reverence time, that we don't need it in two senses.

One is it's wicked.

Two, we have and always have had a much superior tradition.

We know that Democritus and Epicurus worked out, in ancient Athens the world was made of atoms,

that the gods did not exist and certainly took no interest in human affairs

and would be foolish to do so and would be wicked if they did.

We have the tradition that brings us through Galileo and Spinoza

and Thomas Paine and Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson and Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein,

men of great wisdom and insight, by all means struck by the awe -inspiring character of our universe,

by all means open to devotional music and architecture and poetry, by all means aware of the transcendent,

but look through the Hubble telescope if you want to see something that is awe -inspiring.

And don't look to blood -stained old myths.

Now, why now?

Why am I doing this now, people ask?

Well, I'll tell you why now, because in the last few years, it's become impossible to turn a page of a newspaper without being,

as the religious would say, offended.

In other words, I don't think I sound self -pitying

if I say that I'm offended that a cartoonist in a tiny democratic country in Scandinavia, Denmark, can't do his job without a death threat,

and that no American magazine or newspaper would reprint those cartoons, either to elucidate the question or in solidarity.

I'm offended that civil society in Iraq is being destroyed, leveled by the parties of God.

I'm offended that people in this country believe

that they have the right to advocate the teaching of garbage to children under the fatuous name of intelligent design.

I believe that we're… Oh, I thought you'd never clap.

Religion often filled the gaps before science had answers.

100

People once explained disease, storms and earthquakes as punishment from God but germ theory biology and geology gave better explanations even

101

Genesis says humans were given dominion over living creatures yet microorganisms can kill us

102

and were unknown to ancient writers the Bible also contains commands tied to slavery violence and witch execution including

103

Exodus 22 18.

104

that raises a hard question why treat ancient fear as eternal truth.

105

I'll be very brief.

106

An end to this, an end particularly to the cultural cringe

107

that says that if someone can claim to be a religious spokesman, they are entitled to respect.

108

I have to say it in your presence,

109

sir, I think that the title reverend is something people should be more concerned to live down than to live up to.

110

Thank you.

111

Thank you.

112

Thank you.

113

We will get back to some of that, but Reverend Sharpton, in your rebuttal,

114

would you take a moment to correct Christopher on his misconception that religion was somehow incidental to the civil rights movement?

115

That's all you want me to rebut?

116

No. I guess you'll feel free.

117

Cover that.

118

Well, first of all, let me thank you for inviting me to have this debate.

119

It is the first time in my long career that I was not...

120

assumed to be the devil in a debate.

121

It's an unusual place for me on the stage.

122

So I couldn't turn down representing God and the divine in a public encounter.

123

But I think that several things in rebutting with Brother Hitchens says,

124

you don't have a problem with living up or down to being brother, do you?

125

Yeah, right.

126

I think that you made a very, interesting analysis of how people use or misuse God,

127

but you made no argument about God himself.

128

And by attacking the quote wicked unquote use of God does not at all address the existence of God

129

or non -existence of God.

130

We are sitting in a room that because of lights we assume that there is electricity in the building.

131

Electricity can light up a room or burn it down.

132

It does not mean electricity does not exist because it burns the building down or that it is inherently wicked.

133

It is how people use it.

134

So clearly people have misused God as they've misused other things

135

that are possibly positive but its existence is not in any way proven

136

or disproven by you giving a long diatribe on those

137

that have mishandled and misused God because there are many

138

that you can cite that have acted in a way that shows the goodness of God.

139

Your book, God Is Not Great, could be refuted by many that feel he is great or she is great, whatever way you relate to God.

140

Science, to me, does not wipe away the existence of God because science had to start somewhere.

141

So to pick up mankind in its evolving state does not tell me where mankind began,

142

how it became a long story of ordered steps.

143

Well, who ordered them?

144

Why do things follow such a natural progression?

145

Who set the progress?

146

And in fact, even the term wicked, if there is no God and if there is no supreme mechanism that governs the world,

147

what makes right right or what makes wrong wrong?

148

Why don't we just go by whoever's the strongest at any given period in history?

149

Because nothing is wicked.

150

Because whoever's in power at the time would determine what is wicked and what is not wicked.

151

Because there's no real moral code because there's nobody to judge that.

152

So at one hand, we're going to argue God doesn't exist.

153

At the other hand, we're going to call people wicked.

154

Wicked according to who?

155

And according to what?

156

It would be based on whoever has the power at that time.

157

So I think that the real thing that I'm interested in, Mr. Hitchens, is to really discuss the idea of God

158

and the idea of a supreme being and how creatures and creation have just,

159

by some great coincidence, an unexplained scheme follows some order that just happened by itself something,

160

some force, some overruling force had to set all of that pattern in and it continues thousands of years later.

161

Can you give a million examples of where people have misused that,

162

where they've distorted it, where in the name of God or North Korea or other tragedies have happened?

163

Yes.

164

In terms of the civil rights movement, it was absolutely fueled by a belief in God and a belief in right or wrong.

165

And had not there been this belief that there was a right and a wrong, civil rights movement that you alluded to or

166

that you referred to would not have existed because what made it wrong for people to be slaves?

167

What made it wrong for humans to be treated unequally? because there was nobody to say that they were all equal.

168

It was whoever had the strength.

169

But at the end, what is refreshing is that you are a man of faith

170

because any man that at this date still has faith

171

that there are weapons of mass destruction in Iraq has more faith than any religious person I know.

172

Very well.

173

It's a very generous response.

174

Do you mind if I take it in reverse order?

175

The belief that the weapons of mass destruction, or rather the conviction, as Saddam Hussein was interested in weapons of mass destruction,

176

you could, I suppose, describe as an argument from design.

177

In other words, he'd had them before, he'd known how to conceal them, he'd used them several times,

178

he seems to be prepared to risk his entire political career on the idea of reacquiring them.

179

I would say that was not a belief that had no evidence,

180

and I would say that anyone who treated him as if he was innocent on the subject would be a sap,

181

actually, would be my short word for it.

182

Second on the civil rights movement, I expected you to be more assertive.

183

I don't know what Dr. King's private convictions about religion were.

184

I know that he studied Hegel.

185

I know that he studied Marx.

186

I know that among his very close entourage were a large number of secular socialists and communists.

187

You know their names too.

188

Stanley Levinson is probably the best known, but among the black civil rights leadership,

189

Bayard Rustin, secular socialist, Philip Randolph, secular socialist, trading leader, these were the building blocks for the March on Washington,

190

as was Victor Reuther and many others.

191

The belief that it is illegal as well as evil to keep black

192

Americans in subjection does not require any supernatural endorsement.

193

It had been proved repeatedly in law and in morality and in ethics and demonstrated in practice.

194

The only thing that had always been consistently justified by the churches was initially slavery, the right to hold someone as a slave,

195

biblically warranted, and the right to keep the races separate, which is endorsed by a church that, just to give a contemporary example,

196

one of the current candidates for the Republican nomination is a member of a church, the so -called

197

Mormon Church of Latter -day

198

Saints, that until 1965 had it as an article of faith that the Bible separates the sons of Ham and makes them lesser.

199

Well, I don't have to discredit a text like that because I don't think it has any authority.

200

So, you know, since I return the question to you.

201

Now, I didn't say that God was misused.

202

I hope I wasn't so poorly understood by everybody.

203

I said that the idea of God is a dictatorial one to begin with.

204

The belief in a supreme, eternal, invigilating creator who knows what you think and what you do

205

and cares about it and will reward or punish you and watches you while you sleep is, I think, a horrific belief,

206

a man -made one, fortunately.

207

I'm very glad there's evidence for it.

208

Let me, in case I was misunderstood, let me assert again.

209

I think it's innately an awful belief.

210

However, the cleverest theologian, and have been some, has never been able to demonstrate that such a person exists.

211

The God is needed for morality argument falls apart fast.

212

Humans can build moral rules through empathy, reason, law, and the fact that societies survive better when people are treated fairly.

213

Religion did not create equality.

214

In fact, the Bible gives rules for owning slaves in Leviticus, 2544 -46, and tells slaves to obey masters in Ephesians 6 .5.

215

Civil rights did not need supernatural approval to know racism was wrong.

216

Human dignity is enough.

217

It's impossible to do so.

218

It's not possible either for me to demonstrate conclusively that no such person exists.

219

That cannot be done either.

220

But one thing can be done.

221

A person who claims not to know only that this person exists, a task beyond our brain, but to claim to know his or her,

222

I accept your correction, reverend, mind, to say, I know, because I'm in holy orders, what this entity wants you to do,

223

what he wants you to eat, who he wants you to go to bed with and how he wants you to go to bed with them.

224

What you may read, in what associations in private you may form, what thoughts you may have.

225

That person is out of the argument now, it seems to me.

226

We know that no one knows that.

227

So the claim made by the religious that they know God,

228

they know his mind, and they can tell us what to do in his name is, I think, exploded.

229

Further, it is not argued by my side, at any rate, by no one I know on it,

230

that our presence here on the planet is something that is susceptible of a smooth, logical, reasonable explanation.

231

To the contrary, we are still very much in doubt as to precisely how we came to be human

232

and to separate ourselves from some of our common ancestors.

233

We also know that of the species that have been on this small planet in this tiny solar system

234

since the beginning of measurable time, of the number that were ever in existence, more than 98 .9 % have become extinct.

235

A certain solipsism, I think, is required to believe that we as a resulting species are somehow the center of the created cosmos.

236

This is not modesty, as the Christians call it.

237

It's not humility.

238

It's an unbelievably arrogant claim to make.

239

But at least it makes up for the other claim we're supposed to put up with,

240

which is, yes, but we're also miserable sinners conceived in filth and doomed to abject ourselves.

241

Both of these positions are too extreme, too strenuous, too fanatical.

242

Both of them reinforce each other in unpleasant ways, and both should be outgrown by us.

243

Voila.

244

Well, I think you probably had a...

245

I think you probably had a bad Sunday school teacher

246

because a lot of what you're saying is based on dogma

247

and has nothing to do with one's belief in a supreme being.

248

You're discussing, again, religions, dogmas, denominations, not the existence or non -existence of God.

249

I'm glad to hear you concede you can't prove he

250

or she doesn't exist any more than you claim that those that believe,

251

are you going to claim that that's God speaking on my behalf?

252

Or the devil, which is what you choose.

253

But I think that, again, the basic core question of God goes way beyond any example,

254

no matter how witty or humorous, of those that come in God's name.

255

Because it is the dictates of denominations or organized religious groups

256

that tell you what to eat and what to wear and who to sleep with and all of that.

257

It has nothing to do with the existence of an order to the universe that is clear and evident.

258

that science, I think, confirms that it evolved from somewhere.

259

That's how I relate to God.

260

To your point, however, since I wasn't assertive enough in the first going forward,

261

and I think one guy said that the other night in Vegas, and Mayweather got more assertive.

262

He won the fight, so watch out on that.

263

But I'll get a little more assertive.

264

Dr. King's organization of Brother Hitchens' name was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

265

So there's no question that he himself saw that the basis of the movement was God -based.

266

Did he have some socialists that did not believe in God that associated with the movement?

267

Absolutely.

268

But they joined SCLC's endeavors after SCLC was formed.

269

In In fact, SELC was formed in 1957 in New Orleans before many of them that organized the March on Washington.

270

When Bayard Rustin, who I knew,

271

went down south, his problem was he debated a lot with the ministers there who was the core of that group.

272

So to try and secularize the civil rights movement is just totally inaccurate.

273

It was a church -based, faith -based movement.

274

There's no question about that.

275

And Dr. King, way before he studied Hegel and the rest, he grew up in Ebenezer Baptist Church, was an ordained minister, first went to Morehouse,

276

then Crowes of Theological Seminary, then went to Boston to study those that you have referred to.

277

So let's not reinvent Dr. King any more than we try to reduce God to some denominational convention.

278

And as for the one

279

Mormon running for office, those that really believe in God will defeat him anyway, so don't worry about that.

280

That's a temporary situation situation.

281

But I think the core challenge that I would have is

282

that I would say to you that if your argument is

283

that there are those that have used religion as in slavery

284

or as even today to oppress people and use religion to be unfair to people or have misinterpreted scriptures,

285

you would get no debate from me.

286

I think that is a fact of history and one

287

that many of us have had to fight against

288

that still does not disqualify God any more than using anything in nature that is wrong.

289

To say that one eats food that is poisoned does not mean one should therefore starve because food is inherently bad.

290

I think you're confusing the misuse of religion with the existence of God.

291

There are those that have no religious affiliations at all that believe in God.

292

There are people that don't deal with organized church at all that still believe in God.

293

So when you say God is not great,

294

let's not then debate organized religion is not great or some that have exploited organized religion is not great.

295

You in the title of your book

296

and I've had a chance to go through your book attack God not those

297

that express that they are therefore standing in in God's place or representing God.

298

And your whole ority about weapons of mass destruction and he thought he had it and all of that,

299

when we found him, he was in a rat trap with a .22 pistol.

300

He knew he didn't have any weapons of mass destruction because no one, as one that comes out of the hood,

301

no one that has atom bombs would just retreat with a .22 and wait on the cavalry.

302

Any order you like.

303

I think I better stick to the reverse order.

304

No, that's why a very good time to attack him was before

305

he would get back what he'd lost by way of WMD.

306

He didn't have any then, and he wasn't going to get them back either,

307

any more than he was going to improve his relations with Al -Qaeda.

308

They were as good as they were ever going to get, and that was fine by me.

309

Maybe an argument for another time, but believe me, I'm not reluctant to have it.

310

Then we're of one mind, essentially.

311

I mean, after all, I did not deny what's common knowledge

312

that Dr. Martin Luther King was the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, and was indeed at the Ebenezer Baptist Church at Tom and Doreen.

313

No, no, I said I cannot say to you that I know that he was a believing Christian.

314

No, I cannot.

315

I mean, neither can you say that to me any more than we seem to be of one mind on this too.

316

Neither of us can prove or disprove the existence of God.

317

The difference is between us.

318

I don't say that I'm an ordained minister, and I don't think I could push it that far.

319

on the on the uh since you're evidently an agnostic

320

which is a confession that i'm very welcome to have not extracted from me

321

but heard you make now religious leaders claim to know what god wants

322

but they cannot prove god exists cannot show god's mind

323

and cannot explain why their version is the true one even

324

the bible says no one has ever seen god in john 1 18.

325

saying the universe has order does not prove a personal god is watching people's thoughts.

326

Nature also shows extinction, suffering, and waste.

327

That looks nothing like a perfect moral design.

328

Here's the question.

329

You say these texts are misused.

330

I say that they are not.

331

The Old Testament says or does not say

332

that Abraham was doing a noble thing by offering to sacrifice

333

a son to prove himself loyal to God ought to the voices he was hearing in his head.

334

It says there was a noble thing for him to do.

335

He was rewarded for it by a great posterity and a great long life,

336

offering to murder his son because of hearing voices in his head.

337

This is not moral teaching to me.

338

Is it not the case that the Old Testament says that the Amalekites must all be destroyed down to the last child, every one among them?

339

Leave not one.

340

Yes, it does say that.

341

The Bishop of Landaff in an argument with Thomas Paine once said, well, when it says keep the women, as Paine had pointed out,

342

he said, I'm sure God didn't mean just to keep them for immoral purposes.

343

But what does the Bishop of Landaff know about that?

344

He says, kill all the men, kill all the children and keep the virgins.

345

I think I know what they had in mind.

346

I don't think it's moral teaching.

347

To this day, there are nutbag settlers, some Israeli citizens, some of them

348

Americans, some of them

349

Israeli Americans, trying to settle the West Bank in the name of this prophecy

350

and throw other people off their land and establish a theocracy that will bring on the Messiah and,

351

they hope, Armageddon and the end of the world.

352

Well, I think the United States Supreme Court should hear argument

353

that not one American dime can be used constitutionally for that project.

354

Okay?

355

It's high time.

356

Cut it off.

357

These people mean us real harm.

358

And I'm not going to dilate about what their Muslim brothers say about us.

359

The Koran does not say that you may be killed for changing your religion, but the Hadith, the so -called sayings of the Prophet,

360

which are taken just as seriously, do say that.

361

So when someone says, I'm a Muslim, and I'm telling you, Mr. Rushdie, if you apostatize from his faith, you're dead, he's not misquoting the texts.

362

Sir, he's not.

363

He's quoting them accurately.

364

I think, I'll phrase it as understatedly as I can, I think we could do without a lot of this.

365

Christopher?

366

No, let me respond.

367

I think enough already would cover a lot of this stuff.

368

Again, you are debating points I didn't make.

369

I said you keep confusing the existence of God, again, with religious denominational beliefs.

370

I'm not debating whether… Are they separable?

371

Yes.

372

Well, fine.

373

Very much so.

374

I think that you're quoting the Bible.

375

If you said everything in the Bible, you reject it.

376

You still have not established why a belief in God, maybe a belief in God through that vehicle may be your debate.

377

But you're not addressing God.

378

You're talking Koran, Bibles, people's interpretation of God.

379

That is not my debate.

380

My debate with your book is that you're saying, therefore since they did this to since Abraham was going to murder his son,

381

there is no God.

382

That's like one plus two equals seven.

383

I mean, we're not, so Abraham may have been incorrect, if that's your point.

384

Or what they did with the Amalekites, or what's going on in the Middle East.

385

What does that have to do with the existence of a universe

386

that is set on an order that I believe was set by a supreme being that continues to evolve today,

387

that I think science has done a credible job in analyzing.

388

Now you can debate which one of the Bibles, Korans, religious books may have had it right or interpreted it right,

389

but that does not address the central question.

390

You, sir, did not attack the Christian church or the Muslim religion or the Pope.

391

You attacked God, and to attack God is a whole lot.

392

You hit here and you debate here.

393

Let's talk about God.

394

Let's not talk about those that came in his name

395

and you have some maybe credible arguments against whether or not you felt that they were correct or incorrect.

396

And again, I raise, as I did my opening statement, who decides what is wicked, what is right, what is ethical?

397

If there's nothing there that governs humanity, whatever's ethical is whatever we decide is ethical, because we're in charge.

398

It's all up to us.

399

Okay, once again, in reverse order, if I may, religion gets its morality from us.

400

I think it's very easy to demonstrate that.

401

I'll do it from one of each of the two testaments.

402

You're back on testaments.

403

Why don't you write a book, testaments are not great.

404

I spend a lot of time with my Bible, okay?

405

My Babel.

406

I do.

407

I told you how to make some of this you can teach.

408

I do.

409

There's a very famous parable in the New Testament where the

410

alleged Jesus of Nazareth tells a story about a man from Samaria.

411

We call him the Good Samaritan, who finding a fellow creature in enormous distress and pain

412

goes well out of his way to alleviate his suffering

413

and to follow up to make sure that his sympathy hasn't been a waste of time, to do the aftercare, if you like.

414

Well, we know one thing about this person from Samaria.

415

He cannot have been a Christian.

416

Jesus is telling this story about someone he's heard of, who acted, as far as we know, from no other prompting with elementary human solidarity.

417

What other prompting do we need?

418

Our species would not have survived.

419

We wouldn't be met here if we didn't have, as well as many selfish instincts, the need, and often for our own sake,

420

to be of use to others, to combine with them, to take an interest in them,

421

to care for them, and to worry when they're in pain.

422

No supernatural authority, as with the civil rights movement, is required for this.

423

Morality comes from us.

424

Religion claims to have invented it on our behalf.

425

Then, okay, another example from the Older Testament.

426

Is it really to be believed that until they got to the foot of Mount Sinai, the followers of Moses believed that up to them,

427

adultery, murder, theft, and perjury were okay?

428

They're suddenly told, oh, hey, we've got some new ideas for you.

429

I don't think so.

430

It's a bit of an insult to the ancient

431

Jewish faith, of which Jacob and I are both rather disgraceful ornaments in our different ways.

432

I think our ancestors were smarter than that and even if they weren't smarter,

433

they wouldn't have got that far if they'd been under the contrary impression.

434

The golden rule is something you don't have to teach a child.

435

There's no need to say, and if you don't follow this rule, you'll burn in hell forever.

436

That's immoral teaching.

437

Now, I hope I've made myself clear on the, but I'm wondering if I have because you face me, Reverend, with two very unwelcome thoughts.

438

Either I have been completely inarticulate in everything I've said this evening, or you have misunderstood me. Or both.

439

I have to throw myself...

440

Or these are not mutually exclusive and I should have seen that coming. Have faith, son.

441

I thought I said it's common ground.

442

We cannot know that there was a creator whether of ourselves or of our cosmos.

443

You may wish to assume one, but that's the best you can do.

444

The evidence is all that the cosmos evolved and the evidence

445

that there was a single mind purposeful creator of it is nil.

446

There's no evidence for that at all.

447

Religion tries to claim morality, but the Bible itself shows that humans are better than the text.

448

Most decent people today would reject child sacrifice, genocide, and sexual violence immediately.

449

Yet Genesis 22, 1 Samuel 15, 3, and Numbers 31, 17 to 18, place those ideas inside sacred scripture.

450

Morality did not come from religion.

451

Morality improved when people learned to question religion.

452

By all means believe it as long as you don't try and make me believe it or teach it to my children.

453

Well, let me say...

454

On that I have to insist because that's no difference within it.

455

I would meet you on common ground there.

456

But I would say that many people, I among them, in our own lives have had experiences

457

that make me believe that there is a God

458

and make me believe that my seeking God and seeking the guidance of a supreme being is real to me.

459

I'm not going by Moses.

460

I'm not going by Peter.

461

I'm not going by the man that you said was allegedly Jesus of Nazareth.

462

I'm talking about in people's personal experiences with their interaction through their own faith with God can say that,

463

that you or no one else can tell me that did not exist.

464

If I was only sitting up here arguing with you over scriptures, then you would have points that I would consider valid to this discussion.

465

But I'm not here to defend scriptures.

466

I didn't write no scriptures.

467

I lived my life.

468

And in my life, the existence of God has been confirmed to me in my own personal dealings

469

and my own faith being vindicated and validated that had absolutely nothing to do with scriptures, whether they were right or wrong.

470

And again, I pose the question, when you raise the issue of morality, if there is no supervisory being,

471

then what do we base morality on?

472

Is it based on who has the might at any given time?

473

Who's in power?

474

What is morality based on?

475

If there is no order to the universe, and therefore some being, some force that ordered it,

476

then who determines what is right and wrong? what is moral or immoral.

477

You use very religious terms interchangeably while you attack the idea of a god.

478

There is nothing immoral if there's nothing in charge

479

because everything becomes moral if in fact the species as we are is all there is.

480

We'll determine, let's decide every four years what's moral.

481

Most Republicans do, but I mean let's do it in the sense of let's just say forget all of that.

482

We'll decide morality based on every period of time because there is nothing up there governing in any way.

483

And you don't have to burn in hell to understand

484

that life has certain guiding posts that has been set there well beyond your own being.

485

And I think to think that the whole world was waiting on one's birth, your birth or mine, or death to set the framework of morality,

486

I think that is very arrogant.

487

It's also delusional, but it is very arrogant at best.

488

Again, in reverse order.

489

Don't look for help from the referee.

490

I'm over here.

491

Diane Klein, in your direction, sir.

492

Said it before.

493

Very suggestive thing that you just said.

494

If there was no one in charge, how would we know how to act morally?

495

And this is indeed a profound observation.

496

It's said in, it's argued by Smerdiakov in the Brothers Karamazov, it said, without God anything is permissible.

497

Some people believe that.

498

Some people believe that without the fear of divine total supervision, everyone would do exactly as they wished.

499

We would all be wolves to each other.

500

I think there's an enormous amount of evidence that that's not the case, that morality is innate in us,

501

that solidarity is part of our self -interest in society as well as our own interest, and very much to the,

502

argue the contrary, that when you see something otherwise surprising to you, such as a good person acting in a wicked manner,

503

it's very often because they believe they are under divine orders to do so.

504

Stephen Weinberg puts it very well, he says, left to themselves, evil people will do evil things and good people will try and do good things.

505

If you want a good person to do a wicked thing, that takes religion.

506

For example, I don't believe, I simply do not believe,

507

I do not believe that my Palestinian friends have known for years think

508

that to blow yourself up outside an orphanage is a moral act, or inside one is a moral act,

509

or people serving Neftania is a moral action that anything in their nature makes them think this.

510

But their mullahs tell them that it is, and that the person doing this is a hero.

511

I do not think that any person looking at a newborn baby would think, How wonderful, what a gift,

512

but now just let's start sawing away at its genitalia with a sharp stone.

513

Who would give them that idea if not the godly?

514

And what kind of argument from design is this?

515

Babies are not born beautiful, they're born ugly, they need to be sawn a bit.

516

Because the handiwork of God is such garbage.

517

Well, honestly, this is what I mean when I say

518

that those who think there's any connection between ethics and religion have all their work still ahead of them, and after thousands of years,

519

still have it all ahead of them more and more.

520

So you do not believe in your long and thorough research of history that atheists ever did anything evil.

521

These were only religious people that were driven by somebody representing God that made them do that,

522

and people that came in satanic ways all of that is rubbish.

523

Only religious people reading scriptures of some sort have done wicked things in the history of the world.

524

I should have raised that question myself, and I realize also...

525

But you didn't, so I did.

526

But I've never yet been at one of these meetings where it didn't come up, but I owe you yet another answer.

527

When you say you've had this confirming emotion in your own life, of course, I would not be so presumptuous as to challenge you.

528

Indeed, I believe people, when they say that they have experienced miracles, I believe that they think that they have.

529

I think I'm obliged to credit them if it comes to that, as long as they keep it to,

530

if you like, if I can put it like this modestly as I dare, to themselves.

531

If I believe that I was saved because once a baby boy was born,

532

and before mutilated, it was made the extraordinary discovery that he'd escaped the female birth canal.

533

His mother was a virgin, or at least her birth canal was only one way.

534

Thus I was...

535

A sorry thing, by the way, religions distaste for these regions, don't you find?

536

And something to put you on your guard.

537

Suppose I thought, okay, now I know that.

538

That must prove his teachings are true which it doesn't seem to me that they do,

539

but suppose I did, and I'm going to be saved by it, I think that was a wonderful secret.

540

It would make me happy.

541

It should make me happy.

542

It doesn't make people happy.

543

They can't be happy until I believe it too.

544

My children must be taught this stuff.

545

No sir, no ma 'am, no day, no way, no shape, no form.

546

You keep your illusion private.

547

And I hope it does make you happy, and there's perhaps some reason why it would.

548

But we're told the Pope's authority to say you can't have a condom comes from his ability to certify a miracle,

549

a disturbance in the natural order.

550

I think it was David Hume who put it slightly vulgarly.

551

This was again about the virgin birth,

552

I think, which is more likely that the whole natural order is suspended or that a Jewish minx should tell a lie.

553

Personal feelings are not proof.

554

Every religion has people who say they felt God, heard guidance, or saw a miracle.

555

They cannot all be right.

556

The brain can create powerful spiritual experiences through emotion, memory, stress, and reward systems.

557

That may feel real, but feeling real does not make it true.

558

Keep private faith private.

559

The danger starts when personal belief becomes public law, school doctrine, or medical advice.

560

There has to be an answer to this kind of question.

561

As to the secular bad behavior, well, I used to be a believing

562

Marxist and I've had this argument about communism in different forms of all my life and I realize it's a very,

563

you confront me with an intensely serious question though actually secular

564

criminality on the political level wasn't really possible until pretty much the late 18th century

565

because the religious monopoly on violence and cruelty and torture and slavery and so on was so intense.

566

It has to be said that some of my non -believing forebears seized the opportunity to behave the same way.

567

Sure, there's no question about it.

568

And I'll put it like this, to take the best -known case.

569

Up until 1917, the Tsar of Russia was not just the absolute ruler

570

and owner of all of Russia and all the Russian people and everything in it, but he was also the head of the Russian Orthodox Church.

571

He was considered by the Church and the people to be something a little more than divine.

572

Like, so was me, a little more than human.

573

Not as high as Hirohito, but a bit higher than the Pope in secular and temporal power.

574

If you were Stalin, you'd be crazy

575

if you didn't take advantage of a people who had centuries of indoctrination of that kind.

576

Of course you would want to see if you couldn't replicate that, and to see about reproducing it,

577

emulating it, trading on it, taking advantage of it.

578

You'd be nuts if you didn't do it.

579

So the answer, I think, which is a very long process, will be a long cultural process,

580

is to try and move people up to a cultural and intellectual level where they are above that kind of appeal,

581

where they're not credulous, where they don't take things on faith, where they don't make gods or idols or images out of anybody,

582

including fellow human beings, and they learn the pleasures of thinking for themselves.

583

How about that for a modest proposal?

584

I'd like to use my referee's power to ask you each a question before we open it to the audience for questions.

585

And Christopher, my question for you, taking up the cudgels a little bit for Reverend Sharpton,

586

you keep coming back to various forms of biblical literalism.

587

Reverend, somewhat to my surprise, has not defended anything in the Bible and asks quite reasonably, what is your problem with deism?

588

You've written about Paine, Jefferson.

589

You write in your book about Einstein and Darwin, who are arguably deists in a way.

590

Since you say yourself, you can't prove God doesn't exist, what is your problem with faith divorced from religious text or literalism?

591

Well, religion is not the belief that there is a God, after all.

592

Religion is the belief that God tells you what to do.

593

So if we had to talk about religion, we are not...

594

A theism believes in the existence of a creating being, but it has no prescriptions for morality.

595

You can't, as a theist, cannot say, I think that this universe is so well designed that it implies a creator.

596

Therefore, don't be going to bed with another member of the same sex.

597

Theism, and deism, excuse me.

598

Did I say theism that time?

599

Deism, excuse me, is therefore not a religion.

600

That this is the first for me.

601

I've never yet met someone in holy orders who has said

602

that the words of the holy books are nothing to do with God.

603

I know there's a lot of laxity in the churches these days

604

and I've been trying to encourage it

605

but I mean it seems to me

606

I was I could have been pushing at a slightly more

607

of the well defended door Jefferson who was who could have been a great paleontologist

608

but a great botanist was in fact all of these things couldn't shake the feeling

609

that the the sheer order and beauty of it implied something and but he had these great discussions with his French counterparts.

610

How come the shells, the seashells you find them so up high up on the mountaintops?

611

What is that?

612

You have no idea.

613

He died after 1819.

614

The great day in 1819 is the day that Mr. Lincoln is born and Mr. Darwin is born, same day.

615

I know which one of them was the greater emancipator too.

616

Jefferson couldn't see as far, we just didn't have the horizon.

617

Now you can hold to the deist belief if you choose, if you like.

618

But the overwhelming evidence is that we do have an explanation for the origins of the species,

619

ours and all others, and that each new discovery made, however remote a part of the Earth's surface in paleontology,

620

will confirm or not confute or not contradict the body of knowledge that we have so painstakingly erected.

621

So everything else added to that is a work of what the Church of England used to call supererogation.

622

It's needless, it's unnecessary, Occam's razor disposes painlessly of it.

623

It's gone, it's history.

624

Let me turn it to you, Reverend Sharpton, for a moment.

625

I was expecting you to, I think you've very eloquently made a version of the argument from design.

626

You have argued of an idea of spirituality, but you haven't defended the Bible at all.

627

I mean, isn't that what you do from the pulpit?

628

Well, maybe I read the wrong book.

629

I did not get the book that Hitchens wrote, The Bible Is Not Great.

630

I didn't get a copy of the book that

631

Religion Is Not Great.

632

He said God is not great.

633

And I have yet to, after several inquiries here tonight, get him to address that.

634

And when I read his book and hear him talk, he makes a case against everything other than God.

635

Maybe the name of the book should have been God is Not Great, I Don't Think.

636

Or you have the right to think he's great if you just don't tell me.

637

That might have been a more appropriate title.

638

But I'm waiting for him to establish that God, not

639

King James, not...

640

Mohammed, not Jerry Falwell, God is not great.

641

So to ask me to defend who I have no personal relationship with, no belief in, is I'm in the wrong debate.

642

I think that we can then agree that as long as I don't bother the sedate scholarly world of Mr. Hitchens,

643

that I can believe in my God.

644

And he's fine.

645

And I'm fine with that, because I'm certainly not trying to convert Mr. Hitchens.

646

I'm just trying to have him understand

647

that he cannot impose upon me how I relate to God by quoting things that I may or may not believe anywhere.

648

I'm afraid we're not going to have any conversions tonight.

649

And I wasn't expecting any, although you never know if Christopher is going to start speaking in tongues before we're done.

650

The maybe some creator started it all argument does not rescue religion.

651

a vague creator gives no bible no church no rules no heaven no hell

652

and no right to control anyone's life science has already explained

653

the diversity of life through evolution by natural selection supported by fossils genetics

654

and observed adaptation adding god on top explains nothing it is an extra claim with no evidence

655

and religion keeps pretending that extra claim deserves authority.

656

So here is the question.

657

If religion needs faith, fear, and authority to survive, while science only asks for evidence, which one should guide our future?

658

Comment your answer below.

659

Do you think morality needs God?

660

Or can humans build morality through reason, empathy, and truth?

661

Like, subscribe, and if you want more from this debate, comment more Hitchens, and we can continue breaking down religion's claims with facts,

662

history, science, and logic.

アプリをダウンロード

流暢に話すために必要なすべて

AI発音採点文ごとに採点

IPA練習すべての音をマスター

単語学習自分の単語帳を作る

単語ゲーム遊びながら覚える

QRをスキャン

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

FOR YOU

このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「This Debate Made Christopher Hitchens a Legend」を教材にしています。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が662文、単語が8295語あります。音声の長さは52:14です。話す速さは1分あたり約159語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
belief 名詞	/bɪˈliːf/	確信
morality 名詞	/məˈɹælɪti/	道徳
moral 形容詞	/ˈmoɹəl/	倫理的な
creator 名詞	/kɹiːˈeɪ̯təː/	造物主, 作り主
secular 形容詞	/ˈsɛkjʊlə/	世俗的な, 世俗の
scripture 名詞	/ˈskɹɪpt͡ʃɚ/	聖句
defend 動詞	/dɪˈfɪnd/	守る, 防ぐ
argue 動詞	/ˈɑɹ.ɡju/	議論する, 論ずる
destruction 名詞	/dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/	破壊, 破棄
slave 名詞	/sleɪv/	奴隷
slavery 名詞	/ˈsleɪvəɹi/	奴隷制度
offend 動詞	/əˈfɛnd/	気分を害する
virgin 名詞	/ˈvɝd͡ʒɪn/	処女, 処子
socialist 名詞	/ˈsoʊ.ʃə.lɪst/	社会主義者
eternal 形容詞	/ɪˈtɝ.nl̩/	永遠の, 永久の

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
break out 動詞	脱出する
come up 動詞	上がる, 登る
go down 動詞	降りる, 降下する
pick up 動詞	拾う, 拾い上げる
point out 動詞	指す, 指し示す
see through 動詞	見通す, 透視する
turn down 動詞	断る

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

Why am I doing this now, people ask?
That's all you want me to rebut?
What other prompting do we need?
Did I say theism that time?
I mean, isn't that what you do from the pulpit?

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
条件文 if + 節, will/would + 動詞 — 条件とその結果	if you don't follow this rule, you'll burn · If you were Stalin, you'd be
「used to」 used to + 動詞 — 今はもう違う過去の習慣や状態	used to be · used to call
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	we've found · I've never understood · I've been
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	being ordained · is subdivided · were told

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, I'm, didn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を188回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: ethical /ˈɛθɪkəl/, ethics /ˈɛθ.ɪks/, earthquake /ˈɝθkweɪk/, empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, smooth /smuːð/
「sh」と「zh」の音: destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, socialist /ˈsoʊ.ʃə.lɪst/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: morality /məˈɹælɪti/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, solidarity /ˌsɑ.ləˈdæɹ.ə.ti/, supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: morality /məˈɹælɪti/, moral /ˈmoɹəl/, slavery /ˈsleɪvəɹi/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: reverend /ˈɹɛvɹənd/, slave /sleɪv/, divine /dɪˈvaɪn/, slavery /ˈsleɪvəɹi/, reverse /ɹɪˈvɝs/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: belief /bɪˈliːf/, defend /dɪˈfɪnd/, offend /əˈfɛnd/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/, sacrifice /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。belief, morality, moralなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: This Debate Made Christopher Hitchens a Legend (Al Sharpton Career Ending) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

アプリをダウンロード

おすすめ動画

Is Religion Good or Evil? | Richard Dawkins vs Mehdi Hasan

Stuart & Cliffe Knechtle | Do Agnostics Just Want To Have Control? | Give Me an Answer

Why H!tler Saw Jews as a Threat to Humanity | Explained

Toby Young | Woke Culture HAS Gone Too Far - 3/8 | Oxford Union

Why ‘turning the other cheek’ is fundamentally misunderstood | Bishop Robert Barron

Where is the evidence for God? | Bishop Robert Barron

The Most Dangerous Woman in Science Says We Got the Dinosaur Extinction Totally Wrong

Every Argument For Atheism

Why is Stephen Fry so passionate about the ancient Greeks?

Arguments for God: The Fine Tuning Argument

Sabbateanism: The Rise and Fall of a Messiah

Why did white men conquer the world?

このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる句動詞

繰り返し練習したい文

この動画の文法

注意したい発音

この動画での練習方法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由