Prática de Shadowing: This Debate Made Christopher Hitchens a Legend (Al Sharpton Career Ending) - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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I'm offended that people in this country believe
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that they have the right to advocate the teaching of garbage to children under the fatuous name of intelligent design.
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If there is no God and if there is no supreme mechanism that governs the world, what makes right right or what makes wrong wrong?
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Why don't we just go by whoever is the strongest at any given period in history?
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Stephen Weinberg puts it very well.
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He says, left to themselves, evil people will do evil things and good people will try and do good things.
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If you want a good person to do a wicked thing, that takes religion.
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Christopher, I would like to start with you.
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What have you got against God?
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Good grief.
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So I hadn't really sunk in on me that as you were being ordained, when I was nine, I was just getting out of there completely.
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It was nine when I thought I saw through it, when my biology teacher told me that God was
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so good as to have made vegetation green because it was the color most restful to our eyes.
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And I thought, Mrs. Watts?
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That's his nonsense.
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I knew nothing about chlorophyll or photosynthesis, nothing about the theory of evolution, nothing about adaptation, nothing of a sort.
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I just knew she'd got everything all wrong.
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And of course the argument against faith, against religion falls into two essential halves, not necessarily congruent, but I believe congruent.
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The first is it's not true.
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Religion comes from the infancy of our species.
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I won't say race because I don't think our species is subdivided by races.
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Infancy of our species when we didn't know that the earth went round the sun.
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We didn't know that germs caused disease.
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We didn't know when we were told in Genesis, you're given dominion over all creatures that this did not include microorganisms.
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Because we didn't know they were there.
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So you didn't know they had dominion over us when diseases broke out, it was blamed on wickedness, or sometimes on the Jews,
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or if it was by Jews, on the Amalekites, or as you will.
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We didn't know anything about the nature of the earth's crust, how it was cooling, earthquakes, storms, all of this were a mystery.
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Well, we are at least to that extent a reasoning species.
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Even a conspiracy theory is often better than no theory at all.
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The mind searches for form.
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We're now stuck with the forms that that we've found in our infancy, in our primitive barbaric past.
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Well, that could be fine, still.
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No nation can be without mythology or myth or legend.
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And there are people who say, well, it's not exactly true.
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Virgins don't conceive, okay.
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Bushes don't burn forever.
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Why that would be so impressive, I've never understood.
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Dead men don't walk and so on and so on.
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OK, it's not really true, it does come from a rather fearful period of the Dark Ages, but at least it's nice to believe it.
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It teaches good precepts.
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This, I think, is very radically untrue.
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I give in my book the example, which I'll give you now, of a person very much influential on my youth,
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and I know on the reverends too, Dr. Martin Luther King.
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My friend Taylor Branch's book about Dr. King, I would rather call him doctor than reverend,
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because I'm sorry to say I think it's a higher title of honor.
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Taylor Branch's trilogy about him is called Parting the Waters, The Pillar of Fire, and At Jordan's Edge.
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And everybody literate here knows the story of Exodus.
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And understands what Dr. King meant when he demanded that his people be free of bondage.
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But if you think about it for a second, it's a very good thing that the good doctor was only using this metaphorically
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if he'd really been invoking the lessons of Genesis and Exodus,
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he would have been saying that his people had the right to kill anyone who stood in their way, to exterminate all other tribes,
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to mutilate their children's genitalia, to make slaves of those they captured, to take the land and property of others,
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to engage in rather long and hideous and elaborate arguments about ox -goring, and finally, which is the sentence that ends that,
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or the verse that ends that section of the book, should not suffer a witch to live, the warrant for witch burning.
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In other words, in these books, there are the warrants for genocide, for slavery, for the torture of children,
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for disobedience, for genital mutilation, for annexation, for rape, and all the rest of it.
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It's a very good thing that this is man -made.
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There are those who say that they wish they could believe,
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and I suppose a decent atheist could say that if only for lack of evidence he wishes he or she could,
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I can't be among their number.
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I'm very glad it is not true that there is a permanent, unshakable, unchallengeable celestial supervision.
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a divine North Korea in which no privacy, no liberty is possible from the moment of conception,
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not just till the moment of death, but until well after.
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I've been to North Korea, and now I know what a prayerful state would look like.
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I know what it would be like to praise God from dawn till dusk.
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I've seen it happen, and it's the most disgusting and depressing and pointless and soulless thing you can picture, but at least with North Korea,
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you can die, and you can leave.
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Christianity won't let you do that, because I mentioned another thing about the Old Testament.
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The Old Testament may have, and any Jews and Christians who like it may like this too.
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They may have genocide, rape, racism, all the rest of the things I've mentioned, but it never mentions punishment of the dead.
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When you're done, when you're in the mass grave into which you've been thrown as an Amalekite, it's over.
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Not until gentle Jesus, meek and mild, is the concept of hell introduced eternal torture,
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eternal punishment for you and all your family for the smallest transgression.
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I have no hesitation in saying this is a wicked belief.
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I've also no hesitation in saying, and I mustn't trespass on the reverence time, that we don't need it in two senses.
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One is it's wicked.
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Two, we have and always have had a much superior tradition.
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We know that Democritus and Epicurus worked out, in ancient Athens the world was made of atoms,
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that the gods did not exist and certainly took no interest in human affairs
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and would be foolish to do so and would be wicked if they did.
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We have the tradition that brings us through Galileo and Spinoza
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and Thomas Paine and Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson and Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein,
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men of great wisdom and insight, by all means struck by the awe -inspiring character of our universe,
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by all means open to devotional music and architecture and poetry, by all means aware of the transcendent,
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but look through the Hubble telescope if you want to see something that is awe -inspiring.
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And don't look to blood -stained old myths.
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Now, why now?
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Why am I doing this now, people ask?
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Well, I'll tell you why now, because in the last few years, it's become impossible to turn a page of a newspaper without being,
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as the religious would say, offended.
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In other words, I don't think I sound self -pitying
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if I say that I'm offended that a cartoonist in a tiny democratic country in Scandinavia, Denmark, can't do his job without a death threat,
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and that no American magazine or newspaper would reprint those cartoons, either to elucidate the question or in solidarity.
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I'm offended that civil society in Iraq is being destroyed, leveled by the parties of God.
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I'm offended that people in this country believe
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that they have the right to advocate the teaching of garbage to children under the fatuous name of intelligent design.
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I believe that we're… Oh, I thought you'd never clap.
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Religion often filled the gaps before science had answers.
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People once explained disease, storms and earthquakes as punishment from God but germ theory biology and geology gave better explanations even
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Genesis says humans were given dominion over living creatures yet microorganisms can kill us
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and were unknown to ancient writers the Bible also contains commands tied to slavery violence and witch execution including
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Exodus 22 18.
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that raises a hard question why treat ancient fear as eternal truth.
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I'll be very brief.
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An end to this, an end particularly to the cultural cringe
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that says that if someone can claim to be a religious spokesman, they are entitled to respect.
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I have to say it in your presence,
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sir, I think that the title reverend is something people should be more concerned to live down than to live up to.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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We will get back to some of that, but Reverend Sharpton, in your rebuttal,
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would you take a moment to correct Christopher on his misconception that religion was somehow incidental to the civil rights movement?
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That's all you want me to rebut?
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No. I guess you'll feel free.
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Cover that.
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Well, first of all, let me thank you for inviting me to have this debate.
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It is the first time in my long career that I was not...
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assumed to be the devil in a debate.
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It's an unusual place for me on the stage.
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So I couldn't turn down representing God and the divine in a public encounter.
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But I think that several things in rebutting with Brother Hitchens says,
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you don't have a problem with living up or down to being brother, do you?
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Yeah, right.
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I think that you made a very, interesting analysis of how people use or misuse God,
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but you made no argument about God himself.
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And by attacking the quote wicked unquote use of God does not at all address the existence of God
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or non -existence of God.
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We are sitting in a room that because of lights we assume that there is electricity in the building.
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Electricity can light up a room or burn it down.
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It does not mean electricity does not exist because it burns the building down or that it is inherently wicked.
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It is how people use it.
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So clearly people have misused God as they've misused other things
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that are possibly positive but its existence is not in any way proven
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or disproven by you giving a long diatribe on those
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that have mishandled and misused God because there are many
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that you can cite that have acted in a way that shows the goodness of God.
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Your book, God Is Not Great, could be refuted by many that feel he is great or she is great, whatever way you relate to God.
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Science, to me, does not wipe away the existence of God because science had to start somewhere.
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So to pick up mankind in its evolving state does not tell me where mankind began,
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how it became a long story of ordered steps.
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Well, who ordered them?
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Why do things follow such a natural progression?
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Who set the progress?
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And in fact, even the term wicked, if there is no God and if there is no supreme mechanism that governs the world,
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what makes right right or what makes wrong wrong?
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Why don't we just go by whoever's the strongest at any given period in history?
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Because nothing is wicked.
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Because whoever's in power at the time would determine what is wicked and what is not wicked.
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Because there's no real moral code because there's nobody to judge that.
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So at one hand, we're going to argue God doesn't exist.
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At the other hand, we're going to call people wicked.
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Wicked according to who?
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And according to what?
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It would be based on whoever has the power at that time.
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So I think that the real thing that I'm interested in, Mr. Hitchens, is to really discuss the idea of God
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and the idea of a supreme being and how creatures and creation have just,
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by some great coincidence, an unexplained scheme follows some order that just happened by itself something,
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some force, some overruling force had to set all of that pattern in and it continues thousands of years later.
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Can you give a million examples of where people have misused that,
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where they've distorted it, where in the name of God or North Korea or other tragedies have happened?
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Yes.
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In terms of the civil rights movement, it was absolutely fueled by a belief in God and a belief in right or wrong.
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And had not there been this belief that there was a right and a wrong, civil rights movement that you alluded to or
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that you referred to would not have existed because what made it wrong for people to be slaves?
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What made it wrong for humans to be treated unequally? because there was nobody to say that they were all equal.
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It was whoever had the strength.
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But at the end, what is refreshing is that you are a man of faith
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because any man that at this date still has faith
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that there are weapons of mass destruction in Iraq has more faith than any religious person I know.
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Very well.
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It's a very generous response.
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Do you mind if I take it in reverse order?
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The belief that the weapons of mass destruction, or rather the conviction, as Saddam Hussein was interested in weapons of mass destruction,
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you could, I suppose, describe as an argument from design.
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In other words, he'd had them before, he'd known how to conceal them, he'd used them several times,
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he seems to be prepared to risk his entire political career on the idea of reacquiring them.
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I would say that was not a belief that had no evidence,
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and I would say that anyone who treated him as if he was innocent on the subject would be a sap,
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actually, would be my short word for it.
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Second on the civil rights movement, I expected you to be more assertive.
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I don't know what Dr. King's private convictions about religion were.
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I know that he studied Hegel.
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I know that he studied Marx.
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I know that among his very close entourage were a large number of secular socialists and communists.
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You know their names too.
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Stanley Levinson is probably the best known, but among the black civil rights leadership,
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Bayard Rustin, secular socialist, Philip Randolph, secular socialist, trading leader, these were the building blocks for the March on Washington,
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as was Victor Reuther and many others.
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The belief that it is illegal as well as evil to keep black
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Americans in subjection does not require any supernatural endorsement.
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It had been proved repeatedly in law and in morality and in ethics and demonstrated in practice.
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The only thing that had always been consistently justified by the churches was initially slavery, the right to hold someone as a slave,
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biblically warranted, and the right to keep the races separate, which is endorsed by a church that, just to give a contemporary example,
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one of the current candidates for the Republican nomination is a member of a church, the so -called
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Mormon Church of Latter -day
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Saints, that until 1965 had it as an article of faith that the Bible separates the sons of Ham and makes them lesser.
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Well, I don't have to discredit a text like that because I don't think it has any authority.
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So, you know, since I return the question to you.
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Now, I didn't say that God was misused.
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I hope I wasn't so poorly understood by everybody.
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I said that the idea of God is a dictatorial one to begin with.
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The belief in a supreme, eternal, invigilating creator who knows what you think and what you do
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and cares about it and will reward or punish you and watches you while you sleep is, I think, a horrific belief,
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a man -made one, fortunately.
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I'm very glad there's evidence for it.
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Let me, in case I was misunderstood, let me assert again.
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I think it's innately an awful belief.
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However, the cleverest theologian, and have been some, has never been able to demonstrate that such a person exists.
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The God is needed for morality argument falls apart fast.
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Humans can build moral rules through empathy, reason, law, and the fact that societies survive better when people are treated fairly.
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Religion did not create equality.
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In fact, the Bible gives rules for owning slaves in Leviticus, 2544 -46, and tells slaves to obey masters in Ephesians 6 .5.
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Civil rights did not need supernatural approval to know racism was wrong.
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Human dignity is enough.
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It's impossible to do so.
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It's not possible either for me to demonstrate conclusively that no such person exists.
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That cannot be done either.
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But one thing can be done.
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A person who claims not to know only that this person exists, a task beyond our brain, but to claim to know his or her,
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I accept your correction, reverend, mind, to say, I know, because I'm in holy orders, what this entity wants you to do,
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what he wants you to eat, who he wants you to go to bed with and how he wants you to go to bed with them.
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What you may read, in what associations in private you may form, what thoughts you may have.
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That person is out of the argument now, it seems to me.
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We know that no one knows that.
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So the claim made by the religious that they know God,
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they know his mind, and they can tell us what to do in his name is, I think, exploded.
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Further, it is not argued by my side, at any rate, by no one I know on it,
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that our presence here on the planet is something that is susceptible of a smooth, logical, reasonable explanation.
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To the contrary, we are still very much in doubt as to precisely how we came to be human
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and to separate ourselves from some of our common ancestors.
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We also know that of the species that have been on this small planet in this tiny solar system
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since the beginning of measurable time, of the number that were ever in existence, more than 98 .9 % have become extinct.
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A certain solipsism, I think, is required to believe that we as a resulting species are somehow the center of the created cosmos.
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This is not modesty, as the Christians call it.
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It's not humility.
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It's an unbelievably arrogant claim to make.
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But at least it makes up for the other claim we're supposed to put up with,
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which is, yes, but we're also miserable sinners conceived in filth and doomed to abject ourselves.
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Both of these positions are too extreme, too strenuous, too fanatical.
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Both of them reinforce each other in unpleasant ways, and both should be outgrown by us.
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Voila.
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Well, I think you probably had a...
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I think you probably had a bad Sunday school teacher
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because a lot of what you're saying is based on dogma
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and has nothing to do with one's belief in a supreme being.
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You're discussing, again, religions, dogmas, denominations, not the existence or non -existence of God.
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I'm glad to hear you concede you can't prove he
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or she doesn't exist any more than you claim that those that believe,
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are you going to claim that that's God speaking on my behalf?
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Or the devil, which is what you choose.
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But I think that, again, the basic core question of God goes way beyond any example,
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no matter how witty or humorous, of those that come in God's name.
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Because it is the dictates of denominations or organized religious groups
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that tell you what to eat and what to wear and who to sleep with and all of that.
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It has nothing to do with the existence of an order to the universe that is clear and evident.
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that science, I think, confirms that it evolved from somewhere.
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That's how I relate to God.
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To your point, however, since I wasn't assertive enough in the first going forward,
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and I think one guy said that the other night in Vegas, and Mayweather got more assertive.
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He won the fight, so watch out on that.
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But I'll get a little more assertive.
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Dr. King's organization of Brother Hitchens' name was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
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So there's no question that he himself saw that the basis of the movement was God -based.
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Did he have some socialists that did not believe in God that associated with the movement?
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Absolutely.
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But they joined SCLC's endeavors after SCLC was formed.
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In In fact, SELC was formed in 1957 in New Orleans before many of them that organized the March on Washington.
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When Bayard Rustin, who I knew,
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went down south, his problem was he debated a lot with the ministers there who was the core of that group.
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So to try and secularize the civil rights movement is just totally inaccurate.
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It was a church -based, faith -based movement.
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There's no question about that.
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And Dr. King, way before he studied Hegel and the rest, he grew up in Ebenezer Baptist Church, was an ordained minister, first went to Morehouse,
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then Crowes of Theological Seminary, then went to Boston to study those that you have referred to.
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So let's not reinvent Dr. King any more than we try to reduce God to some denominational convention.
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And as for the one
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Mormon running for office, those that really believe in God will defeat him anyway, so don't worry about that.
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That's a temporary situation situation.
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But I think the core challenge that I would have is
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that I would say to you that if your argument is
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that there are those that have used religion as in slavery
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or as even today to oppress people and use religion to be unfair to people or have misinterpreted scriptures,
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you would get no debate from me.
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I think that is a fact of history and one
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that many of us have had to fight against
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that still does not disqualify God any more than using anything in nature that is wrong.
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To say that one eats food that is poisoned does not mean one should therefore starve because food is inherently bad.
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I think you're confusing the misuse of religion with the existence of God.
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There are those that have no religious affiliations at all that believe in God.
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There are people that don't deal with organized church at all that still believe in God.
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So when you say God is not great,
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let's not then debate organized religion is not great or some that have exploited organized religion is not great.
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You in the title of your book
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and I've had a chance to go through your book attack God not those
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that express that they are therefore standing in in God's place or representing God.
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And your whole ority about weapons of mass destruction and he thought he had it and all of that,
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when we found him, he was in a rat trap with a .22 pistol.
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He knew he didn't have any weapons of mass destruction because no one, as one that comes out of the hood,
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no one that has atom bombs would just retreat with a .22 and wait on the cavalry.
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Any order you like.
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I think I better stick to the reverse order.
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No, that's why a very good time to attack him was before
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he would get back what he'd lost by way of WMD.
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He didn't have any then, and he wasn't going to get them back either,
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any more than he was going to improve his relations with Al -Qaeda.
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They were as good as they were ever going to get, and that was fine by me.
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Maybe an argument for another time, but believe me, I'm not reluctant to have it.
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Then we're of one mind, essentially.
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I mean, after all, I did not deny what's common knowledge
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that Dr. Martin Luther King was the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, and was indeed at the Ebenezer Baptist Church at Tom and Doreen.
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No, no, I said I cannot say to you that I know that he was a believing Christian.
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No, I cannot.
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I mean, neither can you say that to me any more than we seem to be of one mind on this too.
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Neither of us can prove or disprove the existence of God.
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The difference is between us.
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I don't say that I'm an ordained minister, and I don't think I could push it that far.
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on the on the uh since you're evidently an agnostic
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which is a confession that i'm very welcome to have not extracted from me
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but heard you make now religious leaders claim to know what god wants
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but they cannot prove god exists cannot show god's mind
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and cannot explain why their version is the true one even
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the bible says no one has ever seen god in john 1 18.
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saying the universe has order does not prove a personal god is watching people's thoughts.
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Nature also shows extinction, suffering, and waste.
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That looks nothing like a perfect moral design.
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Here's the question.
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You say these texts are misused.
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I say that they are not.
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The Old Testament says or does not say
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that Abraham was doing a noble thing by offering to sacrifice
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a son to prove himself loyal to God ought to the voices he was hearing in his head.
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It says there was a noble thing for him to do.
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He was rewarded for it by a great posterity and a great long life,
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offering to murder his son because of hearing voices in his head.
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This is not moral teaching to me.
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Is it not the case that the Old Testament says that the Amalekites must all be destroyed down to the last child, every one among them?
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Leave not one.
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Yes, it does say that.
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The Bishop of Landaff in an argument with Thomas Paine once said, well, when it says keep the women, as Paine had pointed out,
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he said, I'm sure God didn't mean just to keep them for immoral purposes.
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But what does the Bishop of Landaff know about that?
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He says, kill all the men, kill all the children and keep the virgins.
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I think I know what they had in mind.
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I don't think it's moral teaching.
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To this day, there are nutbag settlers, some Israeli citizens, some of them
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Americans, some of them
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Israeli Americans, trying to settle the West Bank in the name of this prophecy
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and throw other people off their land and establish a theocracy that will bring on the Messiah and,
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they hope, Armageddon and the end of the world.
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Well, I think the United States Supreme Court should hear argument
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that not one American dime can be used constitutionally for that project.
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Okay?
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It's high time.
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Cut it off.
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These people mean us real harm.
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And I'm not going to dilate about what their Muslim brothers say about us.
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The Koran does not say that you may be killed for changing your religion, but the Hadith, the so -called sayings of the Prophet,
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which are taken just as seriously, do say that.
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So when someone says, I'm a Muslim, and I'm telling you, Mr. Rushdie, if you apostatize from his faith, you're dead, he's not misquoting the texts.
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Sir, he's not.
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He's quoting them accurately.
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I think, I'll phrase it as understatedly as I can, I think we could do without a lot of this.
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Christopher?
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No, let me respond.
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I think enough already would cover a lot of this stuff.
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Again, you are debating points I didn't make.
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I said you keep confusing the existence of God, again, with religious denominational beliefs.
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I'm not debating whether… Are they separable?
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Yes.
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Well, fine.
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Very much so.
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I think that you're quoting the Bible.
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If you said everything in the Bible, you reject it.
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You still have not established why a belief in God, maybe a belief in God through that vehicle may be your debate.
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But you're not addressing God.
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You're talking Koran, Bibles, people's interpretation of God.
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That is not my debate.
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My debate with your book is that you're saying, therefore since they did this to since Abraham was going to murder his son,
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there is no God.
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That's like one plus two equals seven.
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I mean, we're not, so Abraham may have been incorrect, if that's your point.
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Or what they did with the Amalekites, or what's going on in the Middle East.
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What does that have to do with the existence of a universe
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that is set on an order that I believe was set by a supreme being that continues to evolve today,
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that I think science has done a credible job in analyzing.
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Now you can debate which one of the Bibles, Korans, religious books may have had it right or interpreted it right,
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but that does not address the central question.
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You, sir, did not attack the Christian church or the Muslim religion or the Pope.
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You attacked God, and to attack God is a whole lot.
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You hit here and you debate here.
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Let's talk about God.
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Let's not talk about those that came in his name
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and you have some maybe credible arguments against whether or not you felt that they were correct or incorrect.
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And again, I raise, as I did my opening statement, who decides what is wicked, what is right, what is ethical?
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If there's nothing there that governs humanity, whatever's ethical is whatever we decide is ethical, because we're in charge.
398
It's all up to us.
399
Okay, once again, in reverse order, if I may, religion gets its morality from us.
400
I think it's very easy to demonstrate that.
401
I'll do it from one of each of the two testaments.
402
You're back on testaments.
403
Why don't you write a book, testaments are not great.
404
I spend a lot of time with my Bible, okay?
405
My Babel.
406
I do.
407
I told you how to make some of this you can teach.
408
I do.
409
There's a very famous parable in the New Testament where the
410
alleged Jesus of Nazareth tells a story about a man from Samaria.
411
We call him the Good Samaritan, who finding a fellow creature in enormous distress and pain
412
goes well out of his way to alleviate his suffering
413
and to follow up to make sure that his sympathy hasn't been a waste of time, to do the aftercare, if you like.
414
Well, we know one thing about this person from Samaria.
415
He cannot have been a Christian.
416
Jesus is telling this story about someone he's heard of, who acted, as far as we know, from no other prompting with elementary human solidarity.
417
What other prompting do we need?
418
Our species would not have survived.
419
We wouldn't be met here if we didn't have, as well as many selfish instincts, the need, and often for our own sake,
420
to be of use to others, to combine with them, to take an interest in them,
421
to care for them, and to worry when they're in pain.
422
No supernatural authority, as with the civil rights movement, is required for this.
423
Morality comes from us.
424
Religion claims to have invented it on our behalf.
425
Then, okay, another example from the Older Testament.
426
Is it really to be believed that until they got to the foot of Mount Sinai, the followers of Moses believed that up to them,
427
adultery, murder, theft, and perjury were okay?
428
They're suddenly told, oh, hey, we've got some new ideas for you.
429
I don't think so.
430
It's a bit of an insult to the ancient
431
Jewish faith, of which Jacob and I are both rather disgraceful ornaments in our different ways.
432
I think our ancestors were smarter than that and even if they weren't smarter,
433
they wouldn't have got that far if they'd been under the contrary impression.
434
The golden rule is something you don't have to teach a child.
435
There's no need to say, and if you don't follow this rule, you'll burn in hell forever.
436
That's immoral teaching.
437
Now, I hope I've made myself clear on the, but I'm wondering if I have because you face me, Reverend, with two very unwelcome thoughts.
438
Either I have been completely inarticulate in everything I've said this evening, or you have misunderstood me. Or both.
439
I have to throw myself...
440
Or these are not mutually exclusive and I should have seen that coming. Have faith, son.
441
I thought I said it's common ground.
442
We cannot know that there was a creator whether of ourselves or of our cosmos.
443
You may wish to assume one, but that's the best you can do.
444
The evidence is all that the cosmos evolved and the evidence
445
that there was a single mind purposeful creator of it is nil.
446
There's no evidence for that at all.
447
Religion tries to claim morality, but the Bible itself shows that humans are better than the text.
448
Most decent people today would reject child sacrifice, genocide, and sexual violence immediately.
449
Yet Genesis 22, 1 Samuel 15, 3, and Numbers 31, 17 to 18, place those ideas inside sacred scripture.
450
Morality did not come from religion.
451
Morality improved when people learned to question religion.
452
By all means believe it as long as you don't try and make me believe it or teach it to my children.
453
Well, let me say...
454
On that I have to insist because that's no difference within it.
455
I would meet you on common ground there.
456
But I would say that many people, I among them, in our own lives have had experiences
457
that make me believe that there is a God
458
and make me believe that my seeking God and seeking the guidance of a supreme being is real to me.
459
I'm not going by Moses.
460
I'm not going by Peter.
461
I'm not going by the man that you said was allegedly Jesus of Nazareth.
462
I'm talking about in people's personal experiences with their interaction through their own faith with God can say that,
463
that you or no one else can tell me that did not exist.
464
If I was only sitting up here arguing with you over scriptures, then you would have points that I would consider valid to this discussion.
465
But I'm not here to defend scriptures.
466
I didn't write no scriptures.
467
I lived my life.
468
And in my life, the existence of God has been confirmed to me in my own personal dealings
469
and my own faith being vindicated and validated that had absolutely nothing to do with scriptures, whether they were right or wrong.
470
And again, I pose the question, when you raise the issue of morality, if there is no supervisory being,
471
then what do we base morality on?
472
Is it based on who has the might at any given time?
473
Who's in power?
474
What is morality based on?
475
If there is no order to the universe, and therefore some being, some force that ordered it,
476
then who determines what is right and wrong? what is moral or immoral.
477
You use very religious terms interchangeably while you attack the idea of a god.
478
There is nothing immoral if there's nothing in charge
479
because everything becomes moral if in fact the species as we are is all there is.
480
We'll determine, let's decide every four years what's moral.
481
Most Republicans do, but I mean let's do it in the sense of let's just say forget all of that.
482
We'll decide morality based on every period of time because there is nothing up there governing in any way.
483
And you don't have to burn in hell to understand
484
that life has certain guiding posts that has been set there well beyond your own being.
485
And I think to think that the whole world was waiting on one's birth, your birth or mine, or death to set the framework of morality,
486
I think that is very arrogant.
487
It's also delusional, but it is very arrogant at best.
488
Again, in reverse order.
489
Don't look for help from the referee.
490
I'm over here.
491
Diane Klein, in your direction, sir.
492
Said it before.
493
Very suggestive thing that you just said.
494
If there was no one in charge, how would we know how to act morally?
495
And this is indeed a profound observation.
496
It's said in, it's argued by Smerdiakov in the Brothers Karamazov, it said, without God anything is permissible.
497
Some people believe that.
498
Some people believe that without the fear of divine total supervision, everyone would do exactly as they wished.
499
We would all be wolves to each other.
500
I think there's an enormous amount of evidence that that's not the case, that morality is innate in us,
501
that solidarity is part of our self -interest in society as well as our own interest, and very much to the,
502
argue the contrary, that when you see something otherwise surprising to you, such as a good person acting in a wicked manner,
503
it's very often because they believe they are under divine orders to do so.
504
Stephen Weinberg puts it very well, he says, left to themselves, evil people will do evil things and good people will try and do good things.
505
If you want a good person to do a wicked thing, that takes religion.
506
For example, I don't believe, I simply do not believe,
507
I do not believe that my Palestinian friends have known for years think
508
that to blow yourself up outside an orphanage is a moral act, or inside one is a moral act,
509
or people serving Neftania is a moral action that anything in their nature makes them think this.
510
But their mullahs tell them that it is, and that the person doing this is a hero.
511
I do not think that any person looking at a newborn baby would think, How wonderful, what a gift,
512
but now just let's start sawing away at its genitalia with a sharp stone.
513
Who would give them that idea if not the godly?
514
And what kind of argument from design is this?
515
Babies are not born beautiful, they're born ugly, they need to be sawn a bit.
516
Because the handiwork of God is such garbage.
517
Well, honestly, this is what I mean when I say
518
that those who think there's any connection between ethics and religion have all their work still ahead of them, and after thousands of years,
519
still have it all ahead of them more and more.
520
So you do not believe in your long and thorough research of history that atheists ever did anything evil.
521
These were only religious people that were driven by somebody representing God that made them do that,
522
and people that came in satanic ways all of that is rubbish.
523
Only religious people reading scriptures of some sort have done wicked things in the history of the world.
524
I should have raised that question myself, and I realize also...
525
But you didn't, so I did.
526
But I've never yet been at one of these meetings where it didn't come up, but I owe you yet another answer.
527
When you say you've had this confirming emotion in your own life, of course, I would not be so presumptuous as to challenge you.
528
Indeed, I believe people, when they say that they have experienced miracles, I believe that they think that they have.
529
I think I'm obliged to credit them if it comes to that, as long as they keep it to,
530
if you like, if I can put it like this modestly as I dare, to themselves.
531
If I believe that I was saved because once a baby boy was born,
532
and before mutilated, it was made the extraordinary discovery that he'd escaped the female birth canal.
533
His mother was a virgin, or at least her birth canal was only one way.
534
Thus I was...
535
A sorry thing, by the way, religions distaste for these regions, don't you find?
536
And something to put you on your guard.
537
Suppose I thought, okay, now I know that.
538
That must prove his teachings are true which it doesn't seem to me that they do,
539
but suppose I did, and I'm going to be saved by it, I think that was a wonderful secret.
540
It would make me happy.
541
It should make me happy.
542
It doesn't make people happy.
543
They can't be happy until I believe it too.
544
My children must be taught this stuff.
545
No sir, no ma 'am, no day, no way, no shape, no form.
546
You keep your illusion private.
547
And I hope it does make you happy, and there's perhaps some reason why it would.
548
But we're told the Pope's authority to say you can't have a condom comes from his ability to certify a miracle,
549
a disturbance in the natural order.
550
I think it was David Hume who put it slightly vulgarly.
551
This was again about the virgin birth,
552
I think, which is more likely that the whole natural order is suspended or that a Jewish minx should tell a lie.
553
Personal feelings are not proof.
554
Every religion has people who say they felt God, heard guidance, or saw a miracle.
555
They cannot all be right.
556
The brain can create powerful spiritual experiences through emotion, memory, stress, and reward systems.
557
That may feel real, but feeling real does not make it true.
558
Keep private faith private.
559
The danger starts when personal belief becomes public law, school doctrine, or medical advice.
560
There has to be an answer to this kind of question.
561
As to the secular bad behavior, well, I used to be a believing
562
Marxist and I've had this argument about communism in different forms of all my life and I realize it's a very,
563
you confront me with an intensely serious question though actually secular
564
criminality on the political level wasn't really possible until pretty much the late 18th century
565
because the religious monopoly on violence and cruelty and torture and slavery and so on was so intense.
566
It has to be said that some of my non -believing forebears seized the opportunity to behave the same way.
567
Sure, there's no question about it.
568
And I'll put it like this, to take the best -known case.
569
Up until 1917, the Tsar of Russia was not just the absolute ruler
570
and owner of all of Russia and all the Russian people and everything in it, but he was also the head of the Russian Orthodox Church.
571
He was considered by the Church and the people to be something a little more than divine.
572
Like, so was me, a little more than human.
573
Not as high as Hirohito, but a bit higher than the Pope in secular and temporal power.
574
If you were Stalin, you'd be crazy
575
if you didn't take advantage of a people who had centuries of indoctrination of that kind.
576
Of course you would want to see if you couldn't replicate that, and to see about reproducing it,
577
emulating it, trading on it, taking advantage of it.
578
You'd be nuts if you didn't do it.
579
So the answer, I think, which is a very long process, will be a long cultural process,
580
is to try and move people up to a cultural and intellectual level where they are above that kind of appeal,
581
where they're not credulous, where they don't take things on faith, where they don't make gods or idols or images out of anybody,
582
including fellow human beings, and they learn the pleasures of thinking for themselves.
583
How about that for a modest proposal?
584
I'd like to use my referee's power to ask you each a question before we open it to the audience for questions.
585
And Christopher, my question for you, taking up the cudgels a little bit for Reverend Sharpton,
586
you keep coming back to various forms of biblical literalism.
587
Reverend, somewhat to my surprise, has not defended anything in the Bible and asks quite reasonably, what is your problem with deism?
588
You've written about Paine, Jefferson.
589
You write in your book about Einstein and Darwin, who are arguably deists in a way.
590
Since you say yourself, you can't prove God doesn't exist, what is your problem with faith divorced from religious text or literalism?
591
Well, religion is not the belief that there is a God, after all.
592
Religion is the belief that God tells you what to do.
593
So if we had to talk about religion, we are not...
594
A theism believes in the existence of a creating being, but it has no prescriptions for morality.
595
You can't, as a theist, cannot say, I think that this universe is so well designed that it implies a creator.
596
Therefore, don't be going to bed with another member of the same sex.
597
Theism, and deism, excuse me.
598
Did I say theism that time?
599
Deism, excuse me, is therefore not a religion.
600
That this is the first for me.
601
I've never yet met someone in holy orders who has said
602
that the words of the holy books are nothing to do with God.
603
I know there's a lot of laxity in the churches these days
604
and I've been trying to encourage it
605
but I mean it seems to me
606
I was I could have been pushing at a slightly more
607
of the well defended door Jefferson who was who could have been a great paleontologist
608
but a great botanist was in fact all of these things couldn't shake the feeling
609
that the the sheer order and beauty of it implied something and but he had these great discussions with his French counterparts.
610
How come the shells, the seashells you find them so up high up on the mountaintops?
611
What is that?
612
You have no idea.
613
He died after 1819.
614
The great day in 1819 is the day that Mr. Lincoln is born and Mr. Darwin is born, same day.
615
I know which one of them was the greater emancipator too.
616
Jefferson couldn't see as far, we just didn't have the horizon.
617
Now you can hold to the deist belief if you choose, if you like.
618
But the overwhelming evidence is that we do have an explanation for the origins of the species,
619
ours and all others, and that each new discovery made, however remote a part of the Earth's surface in paleontology,
620
will confirm or not confute or not contradict the body of knowledge that we have so painstakingly erected.
621
So everything else added to that is a work of what the Church of England used to call supererogation.
622
It's needless, it's unnecessary, Occam's razor disposes painlessly of it.
623
It's gone, it's history.
624
Let me turn it to you, Reverend Sharpton, for a moment.
625
I was expecting you to, I think you've very eloquently made a version of the argument from design.
626
You have argued of an idea of spirituality, but you haven't defended the Bible at all.
627
I mean, isn't that what you do from the pulpit?
628
Well, maybe I read the wrong book.
629
I did not get the book that Hitchens wrote, The Bible Is Not Great.
630
I didn't get a copy of the book that
631
Religion Is Not Great.
632
He said God is not great.
633
And I have yet to, after several inquiries here tonight, get him to address that.
634
And when I read his book and hear him talk, he makes a case against everything other than God.
635
Maybe the name of the book should have been God is Not Great, I Don't Think.
636
Or you have the right to think he's great if you just don't tell me.
637
That might have been a more appropriate title.
638
But I'm waiting for him to establish that God, not
639
King James, not...
640
Mohammed, not Jerry Falwell, God is not great.
641
So to ask me to defend who I have no personal relationship with, no belief in, is I'm in the wrong debate.
642
I think that we can then agree that as long as I don't bother the sedate scholarly world of Mr. Hitchens,
643
that I can believe in my God.
644
And he's fine.
645
And I'm fine with that, because I'm certainly not trying to convert Mr. Hitchens.
646
I'm just trying to have him understand
647
that he cannot impose upon me how I relate to God by quoting things that I may or may not believe anywhere.
648
I'm afraid we're not going to have any conversions tonight.
649
And I wasn't expecting any, although you never know if Christopher is going to start speaking in tongues before we're done.
650
The maybe some creator started it all argument does not rescue religion.
651
a vague creator gives no bible no church no rules no heaven no hell
652
and no right to control anyone's life science has already explained
653
the diversity of life through evolution by natural selection supported by fossils genetics
654
and observed adaptation adding god on top explains nothing it is an extra claim with no evidence
655
and religion keeps pretending that extra claim deserves authority.
656
So here is the question.
657
If religion needs faith, fear, and authority to survive, while science only asks for evidence, which one should guide our future?
658
Comment your answer below.
659
Do you think morality needs God?
660
Or can humans build morality through reason, empathy, and truth?
661
Like, subscribe, and if you want more from this debate, comment more Hitchens, and we can continue breaking down religion's claims with facts,
662
history, science, and logic.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “This Debate Made Christopher Hitchens a Legend”. Este vídeo tem 662 frases e 8295 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 52:14. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 159 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 83% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| belief substantivo | /bɪˈliːf/ | crença |
| morality substantivo | /məˈɹælɪti/ | moralidade |
| moral adjetivo | /ˈmoɹəl/ | moral |
| reverend substantivo | /ˈɹɛvɹənd/ | reverendo |
| creator substantivo | /kɹiːˈeɪ̯təː/ | Criador |
| secular adjetivo | /ˈsɛkjʊlə/ | secular, laico |
| scripture substantivo | /ˈskɹɪpt͡ʃɚ/ | escritura |
| defend verbo | /dɪˈfɪnd/ | defender, proteger |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| destruction substantivo | /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/ | destruição |
| slave substantivo | /sleɪv/ | escravo, escrava |
| divine adjetivo | /dɪˈvaɪn/ | divino |
| slavery substantivo | /ˈsleɪvəɹi/ | escravidão, escravatura |
| offend verbo | /əˈfɛnd/ | ofender |
| reverse substantivo | /ɹɪˈvɝs/ | contrário |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| fall apart verbo | cair aos pedaços |
| go down verbo | descer |
| going forward advérbio | doravante, daqui em diante |
| pick up verbo | pegar |
| point out verbo | apontar |
| put up with verbo | aguentar, suportar |
| see through verbo | enxergar através de |
| turn down verbo | recusar, rejeitar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Why am I doing this now, people ask?
- That's all you want me to rebut?
- What other prompting do we need?
- Did I say theism that time?
- I mean, isn't that what you do from the pulpit?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Frases condicionais if + oração, will/would + verbo — uma condição e seu resultado | if you don't follow this rule, you'll burn · If you were Stalin, you'd be |
| “Used to” used to + verbo — um hábito ou estado do passado que não é mais verdade | used to be · used to call |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | we've found · I've never understood · I've been |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | being ordained · is subdivided · were told |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 188 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, I'm, didn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: ethical /ˈɛθɪkəl/, ethics /ˈɛθ.ɪks/, earthquake /ˈɝθkweɪk/, empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, smooth /smuːð/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, socialist /ˈsoʊ.ʃə.lɪst/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: morality /məˈɹælɪti/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, solidarity /ˌsɑ.ləˈdæɹ.ə.ti/, supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: reverend /ˈɹɛvɹənd/, defend /dɪˈfɪnd/, offend /əˈfɛnd/, socialist /ˈsoʊ.ʃə.lɪst/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: moral /ˈmoɹəl/, ethical /ˈɛθɪkəl/, supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, devil /ˈdɛvəl/, noble /ˈnoʊbəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: whoever /huˈɛvɚ/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, hesitation /ˌhɛzɪˈteɪʃən/, harm /hɑːm/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como belief, morality, moral.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.