Prática de Shadowing: Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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I'm against empathy.
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I'm not against empathy for everything.
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I think empathy is a lot of fun when you're watching a movie, empathy for a fictional character.
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I think empathy is an important part of all sorts of exciting activities, but I'm against empathy as a moral guide.
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I think we could do better.
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The sense of empathy I'm most interested in is when you, in a sense, put yourself in another person's shoes and feel what they feel.
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Psychologists call this emotional empathy.
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A lot of people think this is core to being a good person.
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A few years ago I wrote a book called Against Empathy, The Case for Rational Compassion.
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And I argued this form of empathy, though it might seem wonderful, is actually a very poor moral guide.
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Who do you feel empathy for?
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Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
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Well, we know the answer this from study after study after study
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we naturally feel empathy for people who look like us who speak our language who we feel are safe
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and because of that empathy is of all of the human feelings perhaps the most bias and parochial
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when you put a book out the title against empathy you gotta expect a certain amount of blowback
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and a lot of people responded to me with their own experiences in our own arguments.
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Sometimes people agreed with me, sometimes they argued against me.
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So one argument against the purpose of my book is although empathy could have negative effects, could be bias, could provoke us into violence,
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could cause all sorts of trouble, it also could have good effects and I can see this in my book.
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And so some people have said look if you add it all up the positive benefits of empathy outweigh the negative.
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I'm not always convinced about that sort of math but even
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if it were true we have moral capacities that are better than empathy
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another objection is that empathy whatever you think of its role
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when it comes to war and charity and broad moral decisions is a necessary part of an intimate relationship
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one philosopher in a critique of me said my wife comes in and she's mad at somebody at work
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It's all well and good for me to say, I love you very much, and I understand where you're coming from.
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But isn't what she wants me to share her anger, get angry with her?
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And my response to that is, it's kind of right.
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I don't deny that.
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There are cases where what we look for in a relationship with others is that sort of shared feeling.
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You're mad.
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You want me to be mad too.
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My critical response is, there's all sorts of cases where that's not what we want.
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My favorite example here is anxiety.
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I go to my partner and I'm very anxious.
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I'm stressed out.
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Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
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To look at me and say, oh my God, it's horrible.
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Yeah, it's horrible.
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No. I want her to be calm.
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I want her to say, I love you.
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Calm down.
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Let me tell you how to think it differently.
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Sometimes what we want from people isn't a mirror of us.
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It's rather another intelligent, caring, loving person responding to us as a distinct being
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and working to make our life better
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and I think sometimes empathy is exactly what we do not want now
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if I'm gonna say this I have to come up with something
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that will replace empathy I'm not saying we should give up on morality
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so my book is called against empathy
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but the subtitle of my book is the case for rational compassion
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and therein lies the substitute I think and the substitute has two parts one is rationality if I'm going to help somebody,
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I have to know what's the best way to help them.
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Sometimes what might seem to be the best way to help them simply makes things worse.
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Sometimes figuring out what to do to make the world a better place is an extraordinarily difficult task, too big for one brain,
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and we do our best when as communities we work together to think about that.
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So that's rationality.
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Rationality itself is great at pursuing ends, but it doesn't provide ends.
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It doesn't provide goals.
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What you need is compassion.
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You need to care.
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So what I argue in the book is that our best decisions, our fairest, our most equitable ones,
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are done through a combination of a rational judgment of how does one make the world a better place,
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plus compassion, love, caring, but not the sort of love and caring that requires you put yourself in another person's shoes.
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Even if empathy is unbalanced, has a positive effect, compassion does better.
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If we could reconfigure our moral attitudes to be less biased, less parochial, more with our head and less with our heart, we would do better.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Why I’m against empathy”. As palavras que mais se repetem: empathy, compassion, moral, rationality, biased. Este vídeo tem 39 frases e 847 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:38. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 183 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| empathy substantivo | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | empatia |
| moral adjetivo | /ˈmoɹəl/ | moral |
| compassion substantivo | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | compaixão |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| shoe substantivo | /ˈʃu/ | calçado, sapato |
| bias substantivo | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | predisposição, inclinação |
| rational adjetivo | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | racional |
| naturally advérbio | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | naturalmente |
| anxiety substantivo | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | angústia, ansiedade |
| horrible adjetivo | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | horrível |
| substitute substantivo | /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tʃuːt/ | substituto |
| mirror substantivo | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | espelho |
| charity substantivo | /ˈtʃæɹɪti/ | instituição de caridade |
| anger substantivo | /ˈæŋɡə/ | raiva, ira |
| deny verbo | /dəˈnaɪ/ | negar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| calm down verbo | acalmar-se |
| come up with verbo | pensar (em), alcançar |
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir |
| stress out verbo | estressar, stressar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Who do you feel empathy for?
- Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
- You're mad, you want me to be mad too.
- Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 20 contrações e formas reduzidas, como I'm, you're, doesn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, therein /ˈðɛəɹˈɪn/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, shoe /ˈʃu/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: substitute /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tʃuːt/, distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, judgment /ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ.mənt/, intimate /ˈɪn.tɪ.mət/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: moral /ˈmoɹəl/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/, equitable /ˈɛk.wɪ.tə.bəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como empathy, moral, compassion.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.