Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Why I’m against empathy | Paul Bloom
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67 câu
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1
I'm against empathy.
2
I'm not against empathy for everything.
Tôi không phản đối sự đồng cảm với mọi thứ.
3
I think empathy is a lot of fun when you're watching a movie, empathy for a fictional character.
Tôi nghĩ rằng sự đồng cảm thật thú vị khi bạn xem phim, sự đồng cảm với một nhân vật hư cấu.
4
I think empathy is an important part of all sorts of exciting activities, but I'm against empathy as a moral guide.
5
I think we could do better.
6
The sense of empathy I'm most interested in is when you, in a sense, put yourself in another person's shoes and feel what they feel.
7
Psychologists call this emotional empathy.
8
A lot of people think this is core to being a good person.
9
A few years ago I wrote a book called Against Empathy, The Case for Rational Compassion.
10
And I argued this form of empathy, though it might seem wonderful, is actually a very poor moral guide.
11
Who do you feel empathy for?
12
Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
13
Well, we know the answer this from study after study after study
14
we naturally feel empathy for people who look like us who speak our language who we feel are safe
15
and because of that empathy is of all of the human feelings perhaps the most bias and parochial
16
when you put a book out the title against empathy you gotta expect a certain amount of blowback
17
and a lot of people responded to me with their own experiences in our own arguments.
18
Sometimes people agreed with me, sometimes they argued against me.
19
So one argument against the purpose of my book is although empathy could have negative effects, could be bias, could provoke us into violence,
20
could cause all sorts of trouble, it also could have good effects and I can see this in my book.
21
And so some people have said look if you add it all up the positive benefits of empathy outweigh the negative.
22
I'm not always convinced about that sort of math but even
23
if it were true we have moral capacities that are better than empathy
24
another objection is that empathy whatever you think of its role
25
when it comes to war and charity and broad moral decisions is a necessary part of an intimate relationship
26
one philosopher in a critique of me said my wife comes in and she's mad at somebody at work
27
It's all well and good for me to say, I love you very much, and I understand where you're coming from.
28
But isn't what she wants me to share her anger, get angry with her?
29
And my response to that is, it's kind of right.
30
I don't deny that.
31
There are cases where what we look for in a relationship with others is that sort of shared feeling.
32
You're mad.
33
You want me to be mad too.
34
My critical response is, there's all sorts of cases where that's not what we want.
35
My favorite example here is anxiety.
36
I go to my partner and I'm very anxious.
37
I'm stressed out.
38
Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
39
To look at me and say, oh my God, it's horrible.
40
Yeah, it's horrible.
41
No. I want her to be calm.
42
I want her to say, I love you.
43
Calm down.
44
Let me tell you how to think it differently.
45
Sometimes what we want from people isn't a mirror of us.
46
It's rather another intelligent, caring, loving person responding to us as a distinct being
47
and working to make our life better
48
and I think sometimes empathy is exactly what we do not want now
49
if I'm gonna say this I have to come up with something
50
that will replace empathy I'm not saying we should give up on morality
51
so my book is called against empathy
52
but the subtitle of my book is the case for rational compassion
53
and therein lies the substitute I think and the substitute has two parts one is rationality if I'm going to help somebody,
54
I have to know what's the best way to help them.
55
Sometimes what might seem to be the best way to help them simply makes things worse.
56
Sometimes figuring out what to do to make the world a better place is an extraordinarily difficult task, too big for one brain,
57
and we do our best when as communities we work together to think about that.
58
So that's rationality.
59
Rationality itself is great at pursuing ends, but it doesn't provide ends.
60
It doesn't provide goals.
61
What you need is compassion.
62
You need to care.
63
So what I argue in the book is that our best decisions, our fairest, our most equitable ones,
64
are done through a combination of a rational judgment of how does one make the world a better place,
65
plus compassion, love, caring, but not the sort of love and caring that requires you put yourself in another person's shoes.
66
Even if empathy is unbalanced, has a positive effect, compassion does better.
67
If we could reconfigure our moral attitudes to be less biased, less parochial, more with our head and less with our heart, we would do better.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Why I’m against empathy”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: empathy, compassion, moral, rationality, biased. Video này có 39 câu và 847 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 4:38. Người nói nói nhanh, khoảng 183 từ mỗi phút, nên sẽ có nhiều chỗ nối âm và nuốt âm. 82% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| empathy danh từ | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | thấu cảm |
| compassion danh từ | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | từ bi, đồng cảm |
| argue động từ | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | tranh luận |
| shoe danh từ | /ˈʃu/ | giày |
| bias danh từ | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | thiên vị, thiên kiến |
| rational tính từ | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | hợp lí, hợp lý |
| anxiety danh từ | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | sự lo lắng, lo âu |
| mirror danh từ | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | gương, kiếng |
| charity danh từ | /ˈtʃæɹɪti/ | từ thiện |
| anger danh từ | /ˈæŋɡə/ | mối giận, sự tức giận |
| deny động từ | /dəˈnaɪ/ | chối, chối bỏ |
| intelligent tính từ | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | thông minh |
| convince động từ | /kənˈvɪns/ | thuyết phục |
| mathematics danh từ | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | toán học |
| anxious tính từ | /ˈæŋkʃəs/ | nao |
Những câu đáng luyện lại
Các câu ngắn, trọn ý trong video mà bạn có thể dùng lại khi giao tiếp hằng ngày:
- Who do you feel empathy for?
- Who do you most naturally put yourself in the shoes of?
- You're mad, you want me to be mad too.
- Do I want her to start sharing my feeling of anxiety?
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 20 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ I'm, you're, doesn't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “th”: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, therein /ˈðɛəɹˈɪn/
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, shoe /ˈʃu/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, judgment /ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ.mənt/, convince /kənˈvɪns/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
- Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, substitute /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tʃuːt/, charity /ˈtʃæɹɪti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, judgment /ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ.mənt/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, charity /ˈtʃæɹɪti/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như empathy, compassion, argue.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.